1. “Sucrerie” in Jean Baptiste Du Tertre, Histoire generale des Antilles habitées par les Francois, 4 vols. (Paris: T. Iolly, 1667–1671) 2:144–145. Library of Congress.

2. “Tailleur de corps, corps fermé et corps ouvert vus de face”, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 9 (plates), Plate XX (Paris: 1765). The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d’Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Bob Trump. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.

3. Brocaded silk cannelé robe à la française, front, American, 1760–1765, French silk. Formerly of the Cora Ginsburg Collection. Courtesy of Cora Ginsburg LLC. Photography Michael Fredericks.

4. Brocaded silk cannelé robe à la française, back, American, 1760–1765, French silk. Formerly of the Cora Ginsburg Collection. Courtesy of Cora Ginsburg LLC. Photography Michael Fredericks.

5. Jean Lepautre after Jean Berain, La Boutique de Brodeur, published to accompany an article on fashion by Donneau de Vizé in L’Extraordinaire du Mercure galant (Paris, January quarter, 1678). Engraving, 22.8 × 31 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Éstampes, Paris. FRBNF44488001.

6. “Marchande des Modes”, in Rey, M. Michel., Brunet, B., Stoupe, J. George Antoine., Panckoucke, C., Richomme., Benard, R. (1777). Suite du recueil de planches, sur les sciences, les arts libéraux et mechaniques, avec leur explication: deux cents quarante-quatre planches. A Paris: chez Panckoucke Libraire. Photo courtesy of the author.

7. Philibert Louis Debucourt, The Palais Royal Gallery’s Walk, 1787. Color aquatint on paper, 38.2 × 57 cm (plate); 39 × 58 cm. The Art Institute of Chicago, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Potter Palmer, Jr. 1924.1344.

8. Charles-François-Gabriel Le Vachez, View of the Interior of the Nouveau Cirque of the Palais Royal and the Ambassadors of Nabab Tipou, 1788. Etching, roulette, bister, 27.5 × 36 cm (10¾ × 14 in.). Département des Éstampes et Photographie, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. FRBNF40251881.

9. Kashmiri artist unknown, Kashmir Shawl belonging to Sarah Peirce-Nichols, about 1801, Cashmere and wool, 65 3/4 × 64 1/2 in. (167.01 × 163.83 cm) L × W, ift of the estate of Miss Charlotte Sanders Nichols, 1938. 123590.2 Courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum. Photographed at Peirce-Nichols House by Walter Silver/PEM.

10. Jacques Louis David, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and Marie Anne Lavoisier (Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze), 1788. Oil on canvas, 259.7 × 194.6 cm (102 ¼ × 76 5/8 in.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wrightsman Gift, in honor of Everett Fahy. 1977.10.

11. Michel Garnier, Rose de Beauharnais, c. 1790–1793. Oil on mahogany panel, 12.75 × 10.5 inches.Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame. Gift of Michael and Susie McLoughlin, 2015.079).

12. Anonymous, Madame Tallien, original ca. 1789–1793. Engraving and stipple, Image: 16.3 × 11 cm; Plate: 22 × 15.8 cm; Sheet: 37.8 × 28.5 cm. Photo courtesy of the author.

13. Jean-Louis Laneuville, Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac, 1793–1794. Oil on canvas, 51.1 × 38.1 in. (130 × 97 cm). Kunsthalle, Bremen. Kunsthalle Bremen—Lars Lohrisch / ARTOTHEK.

14. Françaises devenues libres:. et nous aussi, nous savons combattre et vaincre. (Paris: chez Villeneuve, 1790). Engraving, W. 9 cm × H. 11 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Éstampes, Paris. FOL-QB-1 (1789–07–14). Photo Alamy.

15. Jean-Bernard Duvivier, Portrait of Madame Tallien, 1806. Oil on canvas, 125.7 × 93.3 cm (49 ½ × 36 ¾ in.). Brooklyn Museum, New York. Healey Purchase Fund B. 1989.28.

16. Detail of a fan, ca. 1795–1799. H. 16 cm. Paris Musées / Palais Galliéra, Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris. 1981.95.76.

17. James Gillray, Ci-devant Occupations; or, Madame Talian and the Empress Josephine Dancing Naked before Barrass in the Winter of 1797. – A Fact! published February 20, 1805 by Hannah Humphrey, London. Hand-colored etching, sheet: 31.6 × 45.7 cm (12 7/16 × 18 in.); Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1917. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 17.3.888–61.

18. François Gérard, Portrait de Juliette Récamier, née Bernard, 1777–1849, 1802–1805. Oil on canvas, 257 × 183 cm. Musée Carnavalet, Paris. P1581.

19. Antoine Cardon after Richard Cosway, Madame Récamier (née Jenanne Françoise Julie Adelaide Bernard), (1777–1849), ca. 1802. Etching and color stipple, 19.8 × 27.7 cm. Musée Carnavalet, Paris. G.41976.

20. Guillaume Lethière, Girl with Portfolio, c. 1799. Oil on canvas, 63.5 × 56.4 cm. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts. 1954.21. Credit: Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, USA© Worcester Art Museum /Bridgeman Images.

21. Jean-Baptiste Isabey, Portrait of a Woman, c. 1795. Watercolor and bodycolor on ivory, ormolu frame, 68 mm diameter/ 6.8 × 6.8 cm (2.7 × 2.7 cm). Private Collection Austria/ Sotheby’s.

22. Louis Léopold Boilly, The Artist’s Wife in his Studio, c. 1795–99. Oil on canvas, 40.6 × 32.9 cm (16 × 12 15/16 in.). Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts. 1955.646. Acquired by Sterling and Francine Clark, 1925.

23. Philibert-Louis Debucourt, L’Orange, ou, Le modern jugement de Paris, 1800. Aquatint and etching, printed à la poupée with hand-coloring, image: 10 1/16 × 15 ¼ in. (25.6 × 38.8 cm). The Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, MA. 1955.2327. Acquired by Sterling and Francine Clark before 1955.

24. John Keenan (fl. 1791–1815) after John Opie (1761–1807), Oil portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft, 1804. Oil on [?], 39 × 36 × 5in. (framed). The Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and his Circle at the New York Public Library. NYPL catalog ID (B-number): b19980492.

25. François Gérard, Portrait of Theresia Cabarrus (1773–1835), wife of Tallien, then Princess of Caraman-Chimay, c. 1805. Oil on canvas, 212 × 127 cm (83.4 × 50 in.). Musée Carnavalet, Paris. P2738.

26. Jean-Baptiste Isabey, Empress Joséphine, miniature in a hemmed octagonal frame with a blue enamel border. Without frame: 70 mm × 31 mm; with frame: 81.42 mm. Private Collection. Image courtesy of Osenat Auction House; Photo: Michel Bury.

27. Andrea Appiani, Joséphine Bonaparte épouse du Premier consul, c. 1800–1802. Private Collection.

28. Breguet № 611 Small (médaillon) tact watch (open). Blue-enameled gold case, diamond-set pointer, touch studs of large round diamonds, silver dial, ruby cylinder escapement. Diam. 39 mm. Sold February 18, 1800 to Mrs. Bonaparte, later Empress Joséphine, for the sum of 3000 francs. Collection Montres Breguet SA.

29. Breguet № 611 Small (médaillon) tact watch (closed). Blue-enameled gold case, diamond-set pointer, touch studs of large round diamonds, silver dial, ruby cylinder escapement. Diam. 39mm. Sold February 18, 1800 to Mrs. Bonaparte, later Empress Joséphine, for the sum of 3000 francs. Collection Montres Breguet SA.

30. Baron François Gérard, Madame Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Périgord (1761–1835), c. 1804. Oil on canvas, 88 7/8 × 64 7/8 in. (225.7 × 164.8 cm). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY, The Wrightsman Fund, 2002. 2002.31.

31. A dress worn by Elizabeth Patterson, ca. 1804–1805. Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Musuem of Art, NY. 1983.6.1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Gifts in memory of Elizabeth N. Lawrence, 1983 (1983.6.1).

32. Indian muslin wedding dress, 1800, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem MA. Wedding dress of Sarah Peirce-Nichols photographed at Peirce-Nichols House. Courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum. Photo by Walter Silver.

33. Jean-Baptiste-François Désoria, Portrait of Constance Pipelet, 1797; Salon of 1798. Oil on canvas, 130 × 99.1 cm (51 ¼ × 39 in.). Art Institute of Chicago. Simeon B. Williams Fund. 1939.533.

34. Marie Denise Villers, Marie Joséphine Charlotte du Val d’Ognes, 1801. Oil on canvas, 63 ½ × 50 5/8 in. (161.3 × 128.6 cm). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Mr. and Mrs. Isaac D. Fletcher Collection, Bequest of Isaac D. Fletcher, 1917. 17.120.204.

35. Auguste Gabriel Toudouze, Le Salon de Juliette Récamier à l’Abbaye-aux-Bois, 1849. Watercolor on paper, 42 × 30 cm. Private collection. Photo courtesy of Alberto Ricci.

36. Jacques-Louis David, Madame Récamier, née Julie (dite Juliette) Bernard (1777–1849), 1st quarter of the nineteenth century (1800). Oil on canvas, 174 × 244 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. INV 3708. Photo: Gérard Blot. © RMNGrand Palais / Art Resource, NY.

37. Jean-Baptiste Isabey, The Empress in Petit Costume, 1804. Plate XII in Le sacre de S. M. l’Empereur Napoléon dans l’ église métropolitaine de Paris, le XI frimaire an XIII dimanche 2 décembre 1804. Bibliothèque Nationale de France.

38. Jean-Baptiste Isabey, The Empress in Grand Costume, 1804. Plate XI in Le sacre de S. M. l’Empereur Napoléon dans l’ église métropolitaine de Paris, le XI frimaire an XIII dimanche 2 décembre 1804. Bibliothèque Nationale de France.