Глава I. Историки открывают семью
1 Bender Donald R. A Refinement of the Concept of Household: Families, Co-Residence, and Domestic Function // American Anthropologist. 69 (1967). P. 495–504.
2 Mitterauer Michael, Sieder Reinhard. The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present / Trans. Karla Oosterveen, Manfred Hörzinger. Chicago, 1982. P. 6–7.
3 Le Play Frédéric. L’Organisation de la familleselon le vraimodélesignalé par l’histoire de toutes les races et tous les temps. Paris, 1871.
4 Ariés Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social Historyof Family Life / Trans. Robert Baldrick. London, 1962.
5 Household and Family in Past Time / Ed. Peter Laslett, Richard Wall. Cambridge, 1972; Laslett Peter. The Comparative History of Household and Family // Journal of Social History. 4 (1970). P. 75–87; Laslett Peter. La Famille et le ménage: approaches historiques // Annales: Economic, Sociétés, Civilisations. 27 (1972). P. 847–872; Hammel E. A., Laslett Peter. Comparing Household Structure over Time and Between Cultures // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 16 (1974). P. 73–109.
6 Mitterauer, Sieder. The European Family; Flandrin Jean-Louis. Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household, and Sexuality / Trans. Richard Southern. Cambridge, 1979; Family and Sexuality in French History / Ed. Robert Wheaton, Tamara K. Hareven. Philadelphia, 1980.
7 Herlihy David. Medieval Household. Cambridge, Mass., 1985.
8 Famille et parenté dans l’Occident mediéval / Ed. Georges Duby, Jaques le Goff. Rome, 1977.
9 Duby Georges. Medieval Marriage: Two Models from Twelfth-Century France/ Trans. Elborg Foster. Baltimore, 1978; Duby Georges. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest: The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France / Trans. Barbara Bray. New York, 1983.
10 Dillard Heath. Daughters of the Reconquest: Women in Castilian Town Society, 1100–1300. Cambridge, 1985; Klapisch-Zuber Christiane. Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy. Chicago, 1985; Fell Christine. Women in Anglo-Saxon England and the Impact of 1066. Bloomington, Ind., 1984; Fonay Wemple Suzanne. Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900. Philadelphia, 1981; The Women of England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present / Ed. Barbara Kenner. Hamden, Conn., 1979; Gies Frances, Gies Joseph. Women in the Middle Ages. New York, 1978.
11 Herlihy David, Klapisch-Zuber Christiane. Tuskans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427. New Haven, 1985.
12 Nicholas David. The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in fourteenth-Century Ghent. Lincoln, Nebr., 1985.
13 Hanawalt Barbara A. The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England. Oxford, 1986.
14 Stone Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800. New York, 1977.
15 Laslett. Comparative History of Household and Family.
16 Wheaton Robert. Family and Kinship in Western Europe: The Problem of the Joint Family Household // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 5 (1975). P. 601–628. См. также: Hareven Tamara K. The Family in Process: The Historical Study of the Family Cycle // Journal of Social History. 7 (1974). P. 322–329.
17 Levy Marion J. Jr. Aspects of Analysis of Family Structure // Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure / Ed. Ansley J. Coale et al. Princeton, 1965. P. 1–63.
18 Обсуждение вопроса см. в: Fox Robin. Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge, 1983. P. 54–76.
19 Huges Diane Owen. From Brideprice to Dowry in Mediterranean Europe // Journal of Family History. 3 (1978). P. 262–296.
20 Ariès. Centuries of Childhood. P. 128, 38–40.
21 Shorter Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. New York, 1975. P. 168–204. Шортер делает выводы в основном, базируясь на практике привлечения к выкармливанию младенцев кормилиц во Франции XIX в. Его утверждения опровергает Джодж Д. Сассмен, см.: Sussman George D. The End of the Wet-Nursing Buisiness in France, 1874–1914 // Family and Sexuality in French History. P. 224–252.
22 DeMause Lloyd. The Evolution of Childhood // The History of Childhood / Ed. Lloyd DeMause. London, 1976. P. 1–74.
23 Pollock Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge, 1983. P. 12.
24 Stearns Peter, Stearns Carol. Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards // American Historical Review. 90 (1985). P. 813–836.
25 Shorter. Making of the Modern Family. P. 79–119.
26 Flandrin Jean-Louis. Repression and Change in the Sexual Life of Young People in Medieval and Early Modern Times // Family and Sexuality in French History. P. 27–48.
27 Ariés Philippe. Western Attitudes Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present /Trans. Patricia M. Ranum. Baltimore, 1974
Глава II. Истоки: римляне, германцы, христиане
1 Kenkel William F. The Family in Perspective: A Fourfold Analysis. New York, 1960. P. 65–66.
2 Nisbet Robert A. Kinship and Political Power in First-Century Rome // Sociology and History / Ed. W. J. Cahman, A. Bostoff. New York, 1964. P. 261.
3 Fustel de Coulanges Numa Denis. The Ancient City / Ttrans. Willard Small. Garden City, 1956. P. 24.
4 Heinzelmann Martin. Les Changement de la denomination latine à la fin de l’antiquité // Famille et parenté. P. 19–20.
5 Hallett Judith P. Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society. Princeton, 1984. P. 78.
6 Declareuil Joseph. Rome the Law-Giver. New York, 1926. P. 37–39.
7 Nisbet. Kinship. P. 261.
8 Kenkel. Family. P. 69.
9 Ibid. P. 74; Nisbet. Kinship. P. 266.
10 Cowell Frank. Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. London, 1961. P. 61, 148–150.
11 Kenkel. Family. P. 76.
12 Ibid. P. 69; Paoli Ugo Enrico. Rome: Its People, Life, and Customs / Trans. R. D. Macnaghtan. New York, 1963. P. 115; Declareuil. Rome the Law-Giver. P. 101.
13 Carcopino Jérôme. Daily Life in Ancient Rome / Trans. E. O. Lorimer. New York, 1941. P. 94.
14 Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 15–16, цит.: L. Anné. Les Rites des fiançailles et la donation pour cause de marriage dans le Bas-Empire. Louvain, 1941. P. 450ff.
15 Kenkel. Family. P. 70.
16 Suetonius. Lives of the Twelve Caesars / Ed. Joseph Gavorse. New York, 1931. P. 227.
17 Kenkel. Family. P. 70.
18 Balsdon J. P. V. D. Roman Women: Their History and Habits. New York, 1962. P. 183.
19 Carcopino. Daily Life. P. 107.
20 Balsdon. Roman Women. P. 231.
21 Carcopino. Daily Life. P. 108.
22 Ibid. P. 111.
23 Ibid. P. 108.
24 Ibid. P. 109.
25 Ibid. P. 111.
26 Ibid. P. 113; Марциал. Эпиграммы. Кн. VI. 7. Перевод Ф. А. Петровского.
27 Friedlander Ludvig. Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire / Trans. Leonard Magnus. New York, 1965. Vol. 1. P. 243.
28 Ibid. P. 265.
29 Noonan John T., jr. Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologists and Canonist. Cambridge, Mass., 1965. P. 12–29.
30 Soranus. Gynaecology / Trans. O. Temkin. I, 19–20 // Women’s Life in Greece and Rome / Ed. Mary R. Lefkowitz, Maureen B. Fant. Baltimore, 1982. P. 178.
31 Declareuil. Rome the Law-Giver. P. 126–127.
32 Cowell. Everyday Life. P. 56; Марк Туллий Цицерон. Об обязанностях. Кн. I. 57, 12. Перевод В. О. Горенштейна.
33 Ibid. P. 56; Тит Лукреций Кар. О природе вещей. Кн. III. 894. Перевод Ф. А. Петровского.
34 Ibid. P. 56.
35 Baldson. Roman Women. P. 77, 218–219.
36 Friedlander. Roman Life. Vol. 1. P. 241; Публий Овидий Назон. Любовные элегии. I, 8, 43; III, 4, 37. Перевод С. В. Шервинского.
37 Juvenal. Satires. 6 / Trans. M. R. Lefkowitz // Women’s Life. P. 152; Ювенал. Сатиры. Кн. II. Сатира 6. Перевод Д. С. Недовича.
38 Veyne Paul. Homosexuality in Ancient Rome // Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times / Ed. Philippe Ariès, André Béjin. London, 1985. P. 27–35.
39 Cowell. Everyday Life. P. 133.
40 Tacitus. Germania // The Agricola and the Germania / Trans. H. Mattingly, rev. S. A. Handford. Harmondsworth, 1948. P. 117; Корнелий Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии. Гл. 19. Перевод А. С. Бобовича.
41 Todd Malcolm. Everyday Life of the Barbarians, Goths, Franks, and Vandals. London, 1972. P. 18. (Тодд не уточняет, на кого ссылается.)
42 Ibid. P. 10–11, 116–117.
43 Musset Lucien. The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe A.D. 400–600 / Trans. Edward James, Columba James. London, 1975. P. 173–174; Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 47.
44 The Lombard Laws / Trans., ed. Katherine Fisher Drew. Philadelphia, 1973. P. 101, 110, 121.
45 Todd. Everyday Life. P. 73–77.
46 Drew Katherine Fisher. The Germanic Family of the Leges Burgundionum // Medieval et Humanistica. 15 (1963). P. 7.
47 Ibid. P. 13.
48 Tacitus. Germania. P. 116; Корнелий Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии. Гл. 18. Перевод А. С. Бобовича.
49 Drew. Germanic Family. 8.
50 Esmein Adhémar. Le Mariageen droit canonique / Ed. R. Génestral. Paris, 1929–1935. Vol. 1. P. 47.
51 Tacitus. Germania. P. 117; Тацит. О происхождении германцев. Гл. 19.
52 Drew. Lombard Laws. Title 213. P. 93.
53 Todd. Everyday Life. P. 74, 86, 87, 174; Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 51.
54 Tacitus. Germania. P. 118; Тацит. О происхождении германцев. Гл. 20.
55 Ibid. P. 118; Там же. Гл. 19.
56 Todd. Everyday Life. P. 86.
57 Ibid. P. 77–78.
58 Ibid. P. 65–66.
59 Ibid. P. 66.
60 Ibid. P. 71–72.
61 Noonan. Contraception. P. 30–34.
62 Ibid. P. 37–40.
63 Ibid. P. 46–55.
64 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 24, цит.: St. Augustine, Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects / Trans. Charles T. Wilcox et al. New York, 1955. P. 21–22.
65 Noonan. Contraception. P. 121.
66 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 22, цит. Humbert M. Le Remariage à Rome. Milan, 1972. P. 321; Noonan. Contraception. P. 83–85.
67 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 11; Noonan. Contraception. P. 126–127.
68 Galy Charles. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne, étude faite principalement d’aprés les récits de Grégoire de Tours. Paris, 1901. P. 85.
69 Esmain. Mariage. Vol. 1. P. 50.
70 Ibid. P. 53.
71 Dooley W. J. Marriage According to St. Ambrose. Washington, D.C., 1948. P. 95.
72 Esmain. Mariage. Vol. 1. P. 384.
73 Riché Pierre. Education and Culture in the Barbarian Weat, Sixth Through Eighth Centuries / Trans. John J. Contreni. Columbia, S.C., 1976. P. 10.
Глава III. Европейская семья: 500–700 годы
1 Duby Georges. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West / Trans. Cynthia Postan. Columbia, S.C., 1968. P. 3.
2 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 56–61.
3 Herlihi David. The Carolingian Mansus // Economic History Review. 13. 1960. P. 79–89; Bloch Marc. Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages / Trans. William R. Beer. Berkeley, 1975. P. 1–31.
4 Bloch Marc. Feudal Society / Trans. L. A. Manyon. Chicago, 1964. Vol. 1. P. 255–274; Duby. Rural Economy. P. 53; Coleman Emily. Medieval Marriage Characteristics, a Neglected Factor in the History of Medieval Serfdom // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2. 1971. P. 207.
5 McNeill J. T., Gamer H. M. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. New York, 1938; Manselli Raoul. Vie familiate et éthique sexuelle dans les pénitentiels // Famille et parenté. P. 363–382.
6 Gregory of Tours. The History of Franks / Trans. Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworh, 1974.
7 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 391–401.
8 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 586–587; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 10, 27. Перевод В. Д. Савуковой.
9 Ibid. P. 294–295; Там же. Кн. 4, 32.
10 Ibid. P. 366–367; Там же. Кн. 6, 36.
11 Ibid. P. 321; Там же. Кн. 5, 49.
12 Ibid. P. 158; Там же. Кн. 2, 42.
13 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 52–63; Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 47.
14 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 170; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 3, 10.
15 Ibid. P. 519–520.
16 Heinzelmann Martin. Les changements de la dénominacion latine à la fin de l’antiquité; Werner Karl Ferdinand. Liens de parenté et noms de personne: un problèmehistorique et métodologique // Famille et parenté. P. 19–34.
17 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 290–291; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 44–50. О правовом статусе женщин см.: Ganshof François-Louis. Le Statut de la femme dans la monarchie franque // Recueuils de la Société Jean Bodin. 12. 1962. P. 5–58.
18 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 52.
19 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation / Trans. J. Stevens, rev. J. A. Giles. London, 1963. P. 40; Беда Достопочтенный. Церковная история народа англов. Кн. 1, 27. Перевод В. В. Эрлихмана.
20 McNamara Jo Ann, Wemple Suzanne F. Marriage and Divorce in the Frankish Kingdom // Women in Medieval Society / Ed. Susan Mosher Stuard. Philadelfia, 1976. P. 99.
21 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 99.
22 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 40; Беда. Церковная история. Кн. 1, 27.
23 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 210–211.
24 Stafford Pauline. Queens, Concubines, and Dowagers: the King’s Wife in the early Middle Ages. Athens, GA., 1983. P. 73–74.
25 Ibid. P. 55.
26 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 219–220; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 4, 26.
27 Ibid. P. 222; Там же. Кн. 4, 28.
28 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 39.
29 Цит. по: Noonan John T. Power to Choose // Viator. 4, 1973. P. 419. См. также: Sheehan Michael M. Choice of Marriage Partner in Middle ages: Development and Mode of Application of a Theory Marriage // Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History. 11. 1978. P. 9–10.
30 The Lombard Laws / Trans., ed. Katherine Fisher Drew. Philadelphia, 1973. P. 89. N. 195.
31 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 85.
32 Ibid. P. 211.
33 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 40.
34 Ibid. P. 47.
35 Ibid. P. 46–49.
36 Ibid. P. 73–74.
37 Hughes. From Brideprice to Dowry. P. 266–269.
38 Ibid. P. 275–276.
39 Drew. Lombard Laws. P. 87. N. 188.
40 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 378–379; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 9, 34.
41 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 83–84.
42 Ibid. P. 107.
43 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 42–43.
44 Esmein. Le Mariage en droit Mérovingienne. Vol. 2. P. 68.
45 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 95–96.
46 Ibid. P. 208–209.
47 Ibid. P. 211.
48 Ibid. P. 210.
49 Ibid. P. 209.
50 Ibid. P. 195–196.
51 Galy. La Famille à l’époque Mérovingienne. P. 63; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 130.
52 Ibid. P. 62–63.
53 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 199.
54 Ibid. P. 93–94; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 1, 44.
55 Ibid. P. 198; Там же. Кн. 4, 3.
56 Ibid. P. 219; Там же. Кн. 4, 26.
57 Ibid. P. 222; Там же. Кн. 4, 28.
58 Ibid. P. 296; Там же. Кн. 5, 34.
59 Ibid. P. 297–298; Там же.
60 Ibid. P. 365–366; Там же. Кн. 6, 35.
61 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 246–247.
62 Ibid. P. 197.
63 Ibid. P. 254–255.
64 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 59.
65 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 96.
66 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 44.
67 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 95–97; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 1, 47.
68 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 96.
69 Ibid. P. 211.
70 Ibid. P. 197, 186.
71 Ibid. P. 254.
72 Ibid. P. 89–90.
73 Ibid. P. 185.
74 Fox. Kinship and Marriage. P. 71–72.
75 McNeill, Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance. P. 103.
76 Ibid. P. 186.
77 Gregory of Tours. History. P. 156; 2, 42.
78 Ibid. P. 243; Григорий Турский. История франков. Кн. 4, 46.
79 Ibid. P. 389; Там же. Кн. 7, 2.
80 Ibid. P. 258; Там же. Кн. 5, 4.
81 Ibid. P. 466.
82 Ibid. P. 587.
83 Ibid. P. 523; Там же. Кн. 9, 35.
84 Ibid. P. 436.
85 Ibid. P. 514; Там же. Кн. 9, 28.
86 Chapelot Jean, Fossier Robert. The Village and House in the Middle Ages / Trans. Henry Cleere. Berkley, 1985. P. 41–71.
87 Ibid. P. 72–128.
Глава IV. Эпоха Каролингов
1 Herlihi. The Carolingian Mansus.
2 Dhuoda. Manuel pour monfils / Ed., trans. Pierre Riché. Paris, 1975.
3 Il Chronicon Farfense di Gregorio di Catino / Ed. Ugo Balzani // Fonti per la storia d’Italia. Rome, 1903. Vol. 33. P. 243–277.
4 Ibid. P. 274.
5 Ring Richard. Early Medieval Peasant Households in Central Italy // Journal of Family History. 4 1979. P. 2–21.
6 Ibid. P. 11.
7 Chronicon Farfense. P. 271, 270.
8 Ibid. P. 263.
9 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 11.
10 Ibid. P. 13; Chronicon Farfense. P. 275, 267.
11 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 13–15.
12 Chronicon Farfense. P. 274, 272.
13 Ibid. P. 265, 273.
14 Ibid. P. 271.
15 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 14.
16 Ibid. P. 19; Chronicon Farfense. P. 265.
17 Ibid. P. 267–268.
18 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 18–19; Chronicon Farfense. P. 264, 267.
19 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 8–9.
20 Ibid. P. 15–19.
21 Ibid. P. 15–20.
22 Polyptych de l’abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés / Ed. A. Longnon. Paris, 1886–1895.
23 Coleman Emily. Infanticide in the Early Middle Ages // Stuard. Women in Medieval Society. P. 48–50.
24 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 62–72.
25 Descriotio mancipiorum ecclesie massiliensis // Cartulaire de l’abbaye de Saint Victor de Marseilles / Benjamin Guérard. Paris, 1875. Vol. 2. P. 633–654.
26 Weinberger Stephen. Peasant Households in Provence, c. 800–1000 // Speculum. 49. 1973. P. 247–257.
27 Ibid. P. 253–255.
28 Hammer Carl I., Jr. Family and Familia in Early Medieval Bavaria // Family Forms in Historic Europe / Ed. Richard Wall. Cambridge, 1983. P. 217–248.
29 Coleman. Infanticide.
30 Ring. Early Medieval Peasant Households. P. 5–8.
31 Herlihi David. Life Expectancies for Women in Medieval Society // The Role of Woman in the Middle Ages / Ed. Rosemarie Thee Morewedge. Albany, 1975. P. 5–6.
32 Анализ «Поучения» Дуоды см. в: Wollasch Joachim. Eine adligeFamilie des frühen Mittelalters, Ihr Selbstverständnis und ihre Wirklichkeit // Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 39. 1957. P. 150–188.
33 Riché Pierre. Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne / Trans. Jo Ann MacNamara. Philadelphia, 1978. P. 42–46.
34 Einhard, Notker the Stammerer. Two Lives of Charlemagne / Trans. Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworth, 1969. P. 79; Эйнхард. Жизнь Карла Великого. Гл. 26. Перевод М. С. Петровой.
35 Ibid. P. 127.
36 Ibid. P. 77; Эйнхард. Жизнь Карла Великого. Гл. 23.
37 Riché. Daily Life. P. 162–163.
38 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 85; здесь и далее «Наставительная книга Дуоды» цитируется по изданию: [Увещания Доданы] / пер. М. Р. Ненароковой // Памятники средневековой латинской литературы VIII–IX века. М., 2006. С. 351–358.
39 Nithard’s Histories // Carolingian Chronicles / Trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz, Barbara Rogers, Ann Arbor. 1970. P. 131.
40 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 350–353.
41 Nithard’s Histories. P. 135; Нитхард. История в четырех книгах. Кн. I. Гл. 4. Перевод А. И. Сидорова.
42 Ibid. P. 135.
43 Ibid. P. 131.
44 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 84.
45 Ibid. P. 86.
46 Nithard’s Histories. P. 156.
47 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 81.
48 Ibid. P. 79.
49 Ibid. P. 20–21; Malbos Lina. La capture de Bernard de Septimanie // Le Moyen Age. 1970. P. 5–13; Lewis A. R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin, 1965. P. 107.
50 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 86–87.
51 Ibid. P. 116–117.
52 Ibid. P. 134–135.
53 Ibid. P. 138–141.
54 Ibid. P. 354–355.
55 Leyser Karl. Maternal Kin in Early Medieval Germany, a Reply // Past and Present. 49. 1970. P. 126.
56 Bullough D. A. Early Medieval Social Groupings: The Terminology of Kinship // Past and Present. 45. 1969. P. 3–18; Leyser Karl. The German Aristocracy from the Ninth to Early Twelfh Century // Past and Present. 41. 1968. А также три статьи в кн.: The Medieval Nobility: Studies on the Ruling Classes of France and Germany from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century / Ed., trans. Timothy Reuter. Amsterdam, 1978; Génicot Léopold. Recent Research on the Medieval Nobility; Schmid Karl. The Structure of the Nobility in the Earlier Middle Ages; Werner Karl Ferdinand. Important Noble Families in the Kingdom of Charlemagne – a Prosopographical Study of the Relationship between King and Nobility in the Early Middle Ages.
57 Dhuoda. Manuel. P. 78–79.
58 Goody Jack. The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe. Cambridge, 1983. P. 34–37, 123–125, 134–146.
59 Herlihi. Medieval Households. P. 11–13, 61–62.
60 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 76–77.
61 Letters of Saint Boniface / Trans. E. Emerton. New York, 1940. P. 61–64; Бонифаций просит архиепископа Нотхельма Кентерберийского прислать ему вопросы просветителя англосаксов Августина и ответы на них папы Григория I и задает вопрос о браке матери с крестным отцом ее ребенка // Апостол Германии. Бонифаций, архиепископ Майнцский: просветитель, миссионер, мученик: житие, переписка / пер. с нем. Игумен Евфимий; пер. с лат. С. А. Степанцев. М.; Тула, 2020.
62 Bouchard Constance B. Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries // Speculum. 56. 1981. P. 268–271.
63 Esmein. Le Marriage en droit canonique. Vol. 1. P. 344–345.
64 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 81.
65 Ibid. P. 78–81.
66 О разводе Лотаря см.: Bishop Jane. Bishops as Marital Advisors in the Ninth Century // Women of the Medieval World: Essays in Honor of John H. Mundy / Ed. Julius Kirshner, Suzanne F. Wemple. London, 1985. P. 53–84; Devisse Jean. Hincmar, Archevêque de Reims, 845–882. Geneva, 1975. Vol. 1. P. 367–466; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 85–87.
67 Hincmar of Reims. De Divortio Lotharii Regis et Tetbergae Reginae // Patrologia Latina / Ed. J. P. Migne. Paris, 1857–1866. Vol. 125. Col. 637–638.
68 Ibid. Col. 761.
69 Ibid. Col. 659, 677.
70 Ibid. Col. 659–677.
71 Ibid. Col. 689, 694–695.
72 Ibid. Col. 695.
73 Ibid. Col. 686–687, 697.
74 Ibid. Col. 636–640.
75 Ibid. Col. 641–645.
76 Ibid. Col. 655, 740–742, 690, 705.
77 Ibid. Col. 732–733.
78 Ibid. Col. 569.
79 Bishop. Bishops as Marital Advisors. P. 62.
80 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 85–88; Bishop. Bishops as Marital Advisors. P. 61–62, 68–69.
81 Ibid. P. 66, 71–72.
82 Ibid. P. 74; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 86.
83 Bishop. Bishops as Marital Advisors. P. 72, 74–75.
84 Ibid. P. 63.
85 Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 94, 104.
86 Ibid. P. 86.
87 Bishop. Bishops as Marital Advisors. P. 60–61, 73–74; Devisse. Hinkmar. P. 429–432; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 86–87.
88 Bishop. Bishops as Marital Advisors. P. 55–56, 59–60, 70; Wemple. Women in Frankish Society. P. 93–94; Devisse. Hinkmar. P. 432–435.
89 Hincmar. De Divortio. Col. 642; Иероним Стридонский. Толкование на Евангелие по Матфею // Творения блаженного Иеронима Стридонского: в 17 частях. Киев, 1880–1903. Ч. 16.
90 Ibid. Col. 655–656.
91 Ibid. Col. 657–658.
92 Ibid. Col. 644–645; Devisse. Hinkmar. P. 388.
93 Hincmar. De Divortio. Col. 650, 708.
94 Ibid. Col. 648–650.
95 Devisse. Hinkmar. P. 397, 401–402.
96 Hincmar. De Divortio. Col. 642.
97 Ibid. Col. 732.
98 Devisse. Hinkmar. P. 405.
Глава V. Англосаксонская Англия
1 Fell. Women in Anglo-Saxon England. P. 22–24.
2 Lancaster Lorraine. Kinship in Anglo-Saxon Society // British Journal of Sociology. 9. 1958. P. 230–232.
3 Loyn H. R. Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England // Anglo-Saxon England. 3. 1974. P. 197–209.
4 Beowulf (407) / Trans. William Alfred // Medieval Epics. New York, 1963. P. 21.
5 The Wanderer (19–21, 26–29) / Trans. Edwin Morgan // Medieval Age / Ed. Angel Flores. New York, 1963. P. 130–131; цит. в переводе В. Г. Тихомирова.
6 Lancaster. Kinship. P. 232–239; Loyn. Kinship. P. 204–206.
7 Ibid. P. 206.
8 Beowulf (1071–1159). P. 36–38.
9 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 199–200, 282; Беда. Церковная история. Кн. V. Гл. 24.
10 Loyn. Kinship. P. 201–202.
11 English Historical Documents / Ed., trans. Dorothy Whitelock. New York, 1968. Vol. 1. P. 359; Meyer Marc A. Land Charters and the Legal Position of Anglo-Saxon Women // The Women of England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present / Ed. Barbara Kenner. Hamden, Conn., 1979. P. 57–81.
12 English Historical Documents. Vol. 1. P. 379.
13 Ibid. P. 428.
14 Lancaster. Kinship. P. 362–366.
15 English Historical Documents. Vol. 1. P. 492–495.
16 Ibid. P. 495–496.
17 Sisam Kenneth. Anglo-Saxon Royal Genealogies // Proceedings of the British Academy. 39. 1953. P. 287–346; The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle / Trans. G. N. Garmosway. London, 1953. P. 66.
18 Blair Peter Hunter. An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, 1966. P. 198–204.
19 A Feast of Creatures: Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Songs / Ed., trans. Craig Williamson. Philadelphia, 1982. P. 192.
20 Ibid. P. 106 (44).
21 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 40–41.
22 Rosalind Hill. Marriage in Seventh-Century England // Saints, Scholars, and Heroes / Ed. M. H. King, W. M. Stevens. Mineapolis, 1979. P. 71.
23 Stafford. Queens. P. 43–44.
24 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 73.
25 Lancaster. Kinship. P. 241.
26 Ibid. P. 246; Stafford. Queens. P. 70–71.
27 Ibid. P. 70, 74.
28 English Historical Douments. Vol. 1. P. 359.
29 Fell. Women in Anglo-Saxon England. P. 56–57.
30 English Historical Douments. Vol. 1. P. 431.
31 Ibid. P. 429.
32 Ibid. P. 524.
33 Fell. Women in Anglo-Saxon England. P. 44–45.
34 Robertson A. J. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Cambridge, 1956. P. 148–151.
35 English Historical Douments. Vol. 1. P. 359, 348.
36 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 194–195; Беда. Церковная история. Кн. IV. Гл. 19 (17).
37 English Historical Douments. P. 430.
38 The Exeter Book / Ed., trans. I. Goolancz, W. S. Mackie. Oxford, 1895. Pt. 2 (84–92). P. 39; цит. в переводе В. Г. Тихомирова.
39 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 228–229; Беда. Церковная история. Кн. V. Гл. 4.
40 Beowulf (627–631). P. 26; (1161–1176). P. 38.
41 Exeter Book. Pt. (63–65). 2. P. 37.
42 Fell. Women in Anglo-Saxon England. P. 59.
43 English Historical Douments. P. 430.
44 Ibid. P. 368.
45 Ibid. P. 360.
46 Fell. Women in Anglo-Saxon England. P. 61–62.
47 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 203; Беда. Церковная история. Кн. IV. Гл. 23 (21).
48 Ibid. P. 307.
49 Ibid. P. 80–81; Там же. Кн. II. Гл. 9.
50 Exeter Book. Pt. 2 (94–99). P. 39; цит. в переводе В. Г. Тихомирова.
51 Beowulf (2421–2472). P. 66–67; цит. в переводе В. Г. Тихомирова.
52 Exeter Book. Pt. 2 (1–14). P. 27; Pt. 2 (43–47). P. 29.
53 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 288–289.
54 English Historical Douments. Vol. 1. P. 358.
55 Ibid. P. 376–378.
56 Ibid. P. 426.
57 A Feast of Creatures. P. 78 (18).
58 Exeter Book. Pt. 2. P. 115–116 (25).
59 A Feast of Creatures. P. 114 (52).
60 Ibid. P. 105 (43).
61 Chapelot, Fossier. Village and House. P. 96–100, 104–124, 127–128.
62 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. P. 305–306.
63 Beowulf (922–924). P. 13; (996–1000) P. 34; (1034–1035) P. 35.
64 Blair. Anglo-Saxon England. P. 211.
Глава VI. Семейная революция в XI веке
1 Li Romans de Garin le Loherain. Paris, 1832–1838. Repr.: Geneva, 1969; Griswar Joel H. Individualisme et «Esprit de famille» dans «Garin da Loherain» // Famille et parenté. P. 385–396.
2 Garin le Loherain. Vol. 1. P. 2.
3 Ibid. P. 3–7.
4 Ibid. P. 7–49.
5 Краткое изложение взглядов историков см.: Freed John B. The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-Consciousness in Thwelfth-Century Germany. Philadelphia, 1984. P. 1–13. См. также: Schmidt Karl. Zur Problematik von Familie, Sippe und Geschlecht, Haus und Dynastie beim mittelalterlichen Adel, Vorfragezum Thema // Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. 106. 1960. S. 185–232; Leyser Karl. Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony. Bloomington, Ind., 1979. P. 50–51; Duby Georges. Lineage, Nobility, and Knighthood, the Mâconnais in the Twelfth Centuries // Duby Georges. The Chivalrous Society / Trans. Cynthia Postan, Berkley, 1977. P. 59–80; Duby Georges. The Nobility in Medieval France // Ibid. P. 94–111; Duby Georges. The Structure of Kinship and Nobility, Northern France in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries // Ibid. P. 134–148; French Genealogical Literature, the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries // Ibid. P. 149–157; Duby. La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la region Mâconnaise. Paris, 1955. P. 7–87; Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 82–98.
6 Duby. Lineage. P. 62–67; Duby. Société. P. 39–47.
7 Duby. Société. P. 54.
8 Ibid. P. 50–52.
9 Ibid. P. 53–54.
10 Ibid. P. 48.
11 Ibid. P. 59–60.
12 Ibid. P. 61.
13 Duby. Lineage. P. 64–67.
14 Duby. Société. P. 269–270; Duby. Lineage. 69–73.
15 Duby. Société. P. 89–94.
16 Gies Joseph, Gies Frances. Life in a Medieval Castle. New York, 1974. P. 9–12.
17 Duby. Société. P. 106–109; Duby. Structure of Kinship. P. 147–148.
18 Duby. Société. P. 277–281.
19 Duby. Nobility. P. 101.
20 Bouchard Constance. The Structure of a Twelfth-Century French Family: The Lords of Seignelay // Viator. 10. 1979. P. 47–49.
21 Duby. Lineage. P. 60–62.
22 Ibid. P. 62–63.
23 Werner. Liens de parenté. P. 26–27.
24 Bouchard. Lords de Seignelay. P. 44–47.
25 Freed. Counts of Falkenstein. P. 8.
26 Huges. From Brideprice to Dowry. P. 276–277; Duby. Société. P. 268–269.
27 Ibid. P. 272–275.
28 Duby. Lineage. P. 69.
29 Duby. Société. P. 264–265.
30 Bouchard. Lords de Seignelay. P. 55.
31 Duby. French Genealogical Literature. P. 154.
32 Ibid. P. 152–156.
33 Genealogiae Comitum Flandrae // Patrologia Latina. Vol. 209. Col. 929–932.
34 Poupardin René. Généalogies angevines du XIe siècle // Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’école française de Rome. 20. 1900. P. 199–208.
35 Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou / Ed. Paul Marchegay, Alexandre Salmon. Paris, 1856–1871. P. 375–379.
36 Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 83.
37 Garin de Loherain. P. 50–51.
Глава VII. XII век: новые модели семьи
1 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 9; Duby. Medieval Marriage. P. 32.
2 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 10; Duby. Medieval Marriage. P. 30, 119.
3 Noonan John T. Marriage in the Middle Ages: Power to Choose // Viator. 4. 1973. P. 419–420.
4 Brundage James A. Concubinage and Marriage in Medieval Canon Law // Journal of Medieval History. 1. 1975. P. 1–17.
5 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 6.
6 Noonan. Power to Choose. P. 420.
7 Gottlieb Beatrice. The Meaning of Clandestine Marriage // Family and Sexuality in French History. P. 50.
8 Noonan. Power to Choose. P. 425; Sheehan. Choice of Marriage Partner. P. 12.
9 Noonan. Power to Choose. P. 424–425.
10 Brundage. Concubinage and Marriage. P. 3–4.
11 Esmein. Le Mariageen droit canonique. Vol. 1. P. 118; Dillard. Daughters of the Reconquest. P. 37–38; Brundage. Concubinage and Marriage. P. 6–7; Helmholz R. H. Marriage Litigation in Medieval England. Cambridge, 1974. P. 26; Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 80–81.
12 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 183–184; Helmholz. Marriage Litigation. P. 26–27.
13 Donahue Charles. The Canon Law on the Formation of Marriage and Social Practice in the Later Middle Ages // Journal of Family History. 8. 1983. P. 143–146; Esmein. Le Mariageen droit canonique. Vol. 1. P. 124.
14 Sheehan Michael M. The Formation and Stability of Marriage in Fourteenth-Century England: Evidence of an Ely Register // Medieval Studies. 32. 1971. P. 230.
15 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 189–198.
16 Ibid. P. 203–206.
17 Ibid. P. 208–209; Sheehan. Choice of Marriage Partner. P. 15; Esmein. Le Mariage en droit canonique. Vol. 1. P. 355.
18 Freed. Counts of Falkenstein. P. 35.
19 Bouchard Constance. The Origins of the French Nobility // American Historical Review. 86. 1981. P. 508–509; Duby. Structures of Kinship and Nobility. P. 146–147.
20 Bouchard. Origins of the French Nobility. P. 513–532.
21 Duby. French Genealogical Literature. P. 153.
22 Duby Georges. Youth in Aristocratic Society // The Chivalrous Society. P. 121; Duby. French Genealogical Literature. P. 156–157.
23 The Book of Beasts / Trans. T. H. White. New York, 1960. P. 142.
24 Duby. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. P. 255–256.
25 Lambert of Ardres. Historia comitum Ghisnensium // Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores / Ed. G. H. Pertz et al. Hanover, 1826–1913. Vol. 24. Chapter 127. P. 624.
26 Duby. Youth in Aristocratic Society. P. 119–120.
27 Vercauteren Fernand. A Kindred in Northern France in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries // The Medieval Nobility. P. 94–95.
28 Duby. Youth in Aristocratic Society. P. 114–117.
29 Ibid. P. 113.
30 Gies Frances. The Knight in History. New York, 1984. P. 84–97.
31 Vercauteren. A Kindred in Northern France. P. 94. Веркаутерен высказывает предположение, что могла иметься в виду битва при Касселе (22 февраля 1071 г.), но склоняется к мнению, что, скорее, это все-таки была какая-то междоусобица.
32 Gies. Women in the Middle Ages. P. 91–92.
33 Hughes Diane Owen. Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa // Past and Present. 66. 1975. P. 5–10; Hughes. Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa // The Medieval City / Ed. Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, A. L. Udovitch. New Haven, 1977. P. 100; Heers Jacques. Urbanisme et structure sociale à Gênes au Moyen Age // Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani. Milan, 1962. Vol. 1. P. 386–387.
34 Hughes Diane Owen. Domestic Ideals and Social Behavior: Evidence from Medieval Genoa // The Family in History / Ed. Charles E. Rosenberg. Philadelphia, 1975. P. 118–121.
35 Ibid. P. 121.
36 Hughes. Urban Growth. P. 10–11, 19–20.
37 Ibid. P. 20.
38 Ibid. P. 10.
39 Ibid. P. 13–15.
40 Hughes. Domestic Ideals. P. 124–125.
41 Ibid. P. 126.
42 Ibid. P. 129–130.
43 Ibid. P. 131.
44 Ibid. P. 132–133.
45 Ibid. P. 139–140.
46 Ibid. P. 141–142.
47 Ibid. P. 143.
48 Dillard. Daughters of the Reconquest. P. 12–18.
49 Ibid. P. 26.
50 Ibid. P. 75.
51 Ibid. P. 41.
52 Ibid. P. 46–49.
53 Ibid. P. 49–50.
54 Ibid. P. 51–55.
55 Ibid. P. 61–64.
56 Ibid. P. 136–139.
57 Ibid. P. 136.
58 Esmein. Le Mariageen droit canonique. Vol. 1. P. 131.
59 Dillard. Daughters of the Reconquest. P. 127–133.
60 Ibid. P. 57–58.
61 Ibid. P. 68.
62 Ibid. P. 79.
63 Ibid. P. 137.
Глава VIII. Крестьяне до «черной смерти»: 1200–1347
1 Homans George C. English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century, New York, 1975. 1st ed. 1941. P. 12–28. См. также: Faith Rosamond Jane. Peasant Families and Inheritance Customs in Medieval England // Agricultural History Review. 14. 1966. P. 77–95.
2 Ault Warren O. Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England. Philadelphia, 1965; Ault. Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws. New York, 1972; Thirsk Joan. The Common Fields // Peasants, Knights, and Heretics, Cambridge / Ed. R. H. Hilton. 1976. P. 10–32; Thirsk Joan. The Origin of the Common Fields // Ibid. P. 51–56; Titow J. Z. Medieval England and the Open-Field System // P. 33–50. См. также: Campbell Bruce M. S. Population Change and the Genesis of Commonfields on a Norfolk Manor // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 33. 1980. P. 174–192.
3 Pollock F., Maitland F. W. The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. Cambridge, 1968. Vol. 1. P. 419. О свободе см. также: Maitland, F. W. Domesday Book and Beyond. New York, 1966. P. 23–61.
4 Howell Cecily. Peasant Inheritance Customs in the Midlands, 1280–1700 // Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe / Ed. Jack Goody. Cambridge, 1976. P. 119.
5 Harvey P. D. A. A Medieval Oxfordshire Village, Cuxham, 1240 to 1400. Oxford, 1965. P. 113–119, 133–135.
6 Hilton R. H. A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century. New York, 1966. P. 131.
7 Harvey. Cuxham. P. 133.
8 Ibid. P. 71–72.
9 Hanawalt Barbara. The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England. Oxford, 1986. P. 146–151, 158–160.
10 Homans. English Villagers. P. 285–288, 312–313; Britton Edward. The Community of the Vill: A Study in the History of the Family and Village Life in Fourteenth-Century England. Toronto, 1977. P. 25–26; Harvey. Cuxham. P. 145; Raftis J. A. Social Structures in Five East Midland Villages, a Study of the Possibilities in the Use of Court Roll Data // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 18. 1965. P. 91–92; Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 132; Hilton R. H. The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford, 1975. P. 104–105.
11 Ault. Open-Field Farming; Ault. Open-Field Husbandry.
12 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 12–14.
13 De Windt Edwin. Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needingworth: Structures of Tenure and Patterns of Social Organization in an East Midlands Village, 1252–1457. Toronto, 1972. P. 208–210.
14 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 44–49.
15 Homans. English Villagers. P. 311–312, 318.
16 De Windt. Holywell. P. 211.
17 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 46.
18 Hilton. Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. P. 105–106.
19 Homans. English Villagers. P. 324–325.
20 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 25–32; De Windt. Holywell. P. 245–250; Pimsler Martin. Solidarity in the Medieval Village? The Evidence of Personal Pledging at Elton, Huntingdonshire // Journal of British Studies. 17. 1977. P. 1–11.
21 Raftis J. A. Warboys: Two Hundred Years in the Life of an English Medieval Village. Toronto, 1974. P. 3–6, 8, 64.
22 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 11–12; Harvey. Cuxham. P. 126–128.
23 Raftis. Warboys. P. 67–68.
24 Harvey. Cuxham. P. 127.
25 Ibid. P. 127–128.
26 Ibid. P. 126–127.
27 Raftis. Warboys. P. 64–65; De Windt. Holywell. P. 184–185.
28 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 18.
29 Searle Eleanor. Seigneurial Control of Women’s Marriage: The Antecedents and Functions of Merchet in England // Past and Present. 82. 1979. P. 3–43; Hilton R. H. Freedom and Villeinage in England // Hilton. Peasants, Knights, and Heretics. P. 180–181, 189–190; Scammell Jean. Freedom and Marriage in Medieval England // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 27. 1974. P. 523–537.
30 Ault. Open-Field Farming. P. 145, 163.
31 Searle. Merchet. P. 21.
32 Homans. English Villagers. P. 140; Raftis J. A. Tenure and Mobility: Studies in the Social History of the Mediaeval English Village. Toronto, 1964. P. 46.
33 Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 36–42; Harvey. Cuxham. P. 123–125; Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 20–24.
34 Harvey. Cuxham. P. 124.
35 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 21–22.
36 Homans. English Villagers. P. 133–143.
37 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 59–64.
38 Homans. English Villagers. P. 212–215.
39 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 14, 64–67.
40 Ibid. P. 39–44.
41 Ibid. P. 51–54.
42 Searle. Merchet. P. 28–29.
43 Britton. Community of the Vill. P. 34–37.
44 Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 38.
45 Ault. Open-Field Farming. P. 158.
46 Clark Elaine. Some Aspects of Social Security in Medieval England // Journal of Family History. 7. 1982. P. 307–320; Homans. English Villagers. P. 144–148; Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 42–46; Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 52.
47 Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 44–45.
48 Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 111.
49 Stuckert Howard Morris. Corrodies in English Monasteries: A Study in English Social History of the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 1923; Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 111–113.
50 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 235.
51 Owst G. R. Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England. Oxford, 1961. P. 164–165.
52 Chapelot, Fossier. Village and House. P. 185; Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 93–95; карту Каксхэма XIV в. см.: Harvey. Cuxham. P. 122.
53 Chaucer. The Canterbury Tales. The Parson’s Tale (897–899) // The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer / Ed. F. N. Robinson. Boston, 1933. P. 306; Рассказ священника / пер. Т. Поповой // Чосер Дж. Кентерберийские рассказы. М., 2012.
54 Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 94–95; Homans. English Villagers. P. 208–209; Chapelot, Fossier. Village and House. P. 243–244.
55 Ibid. P. 296–302; Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 95.
56 Ibid. P. 95–100.
57 Court Rolls of the Manor of Hales / Ed. J. Amphlett, S. G. Hamilton, R. A. Wilson. Oxford, 1910–1933. Vol. 1. P. 167.
58 Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 100–101.
59 О наследовании и практиках землепользования в областях с долевым наследованием см.: Smith Richard M. Families and Their Land in an Area of Partible Inheritance: Redgrave, Suffolk, 1280–1360 // Land, Kinship, and Life Cycle / Ed. Richard M. Smith. Cambridge, 1986. P. 135–195; Dodwell Barbara. Holdings and Inheritance in Medieval East Anglia // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 20. 1967. P. 53–66; Baker Alan R. H. Open Fields and Partible Inheritance on a Kent Manor // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 17. 1964. P. 1–23; Baker. Some Fields and Farms in Medieval Kent // Archeologia Cantiana. 80. 1965. P. 152–174; Campbell. Population Change; DuBoulay F. R. H. The Lordship of Canterbury. London, 1966.
60 Campbell. Population Change.
61 Homans. English Villagers. P. 113–120.
62 Smith. Redgrave. P. 145–149, 175–177.
63 Ibid. P. 165–170, 174–175.
64 Ibid. P. 171–172.
65 Hoskins W. G. The Midland Peasant: The Economic and Social History of a Lancashire Village. London, 1957. P. 73.
66 Le Roy Ladurie Emmanuel. Montaillou, the Promised Land of Error / Trans. Barbara Bray. New York, 1978; оригинальное издание: Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1324. Paris, 1975. Тексты протоколов инквизиции были изданы в переводе на французский язык (с латинского оригинала) под заголовком: Le Régistre d’Inquisition de Jacques Fournier, evêque de Pamiers (1318–1324) / Trans., ed. Jean Duvernoy. Toulouse, 1978. Комментарии Леонарда Ю. Бойля, сотрудника Понтификального института средневековых исследований, Торонто, см.: Boyle Leonard E. Montaillou Revisited: Mentalité and Methodology // Pathways to Medieval Peasants / Ed. J. A. Raftis. Toronto, 1981.
67 Chapelot, Fossier. Village and House. P. 133–134, 182–184.
68 Le Roy Ladurie. Montaillou. P. 3–4, 37–41; здесь и далее все ссылки даются на английский перевод.
69 Ibid. P. 25.
70 Ibid. P. 283.
71 Ibid. P. 103–114.
72 Ibid. P. 48–52.
73 Ibid. P. 41–48.
74 Ibid. P. 192–194.
75 Ibid. P. 36.
76 Ibid. P. 195–196.
77 Ibid. P. 185. Английский вариант этой фразы, предложенный Барбарой Брей, возможно, несколько менее груб. Протоколы инквизиции в данном случае вместо латыни используют провансальское наречие: «А cosina secunda, tot le li afonia!», что Жан Дювернуа в своей версии перелагает на современный французский так: «A cousine seconde, enfonce-le-lui tout!», то есть «С троюродной сестрой, вставляй ей по полной!»
78 Ibid. P. 179–180.
79 Ibid. P. 181–182.
80 Ibid. P. 187–188.
81 Ibid. P. 189–190.
82 Ibid. P. 157, 169–172.
83 Ibid. P. 159.
84 Ibid. P. 172–173.
85 Ibid. P. 174–176.
86 Ibid. P. 158.
87 Ibid. P. 39, 164, 167.
88 Ibid. P. 165.
89 Ibid. P. 176–178.
90 Ibid. P. 34.
91 Ibid. P. 196, 216–217.
92 Ibid. P. 223–230.
Глава IX. Аристократический род: риски примогенитуры
1 McFarlane Kenneth B. The Nobility of Later Medieval England. Oxford. 1973. P. 78.
2 Ibid. P. 123, 173.
3 Ibid. P. 143.
4 Ibid. P. 71–72.
5 Ibid. P. 63.
6 Ibid. P. 62–63.
7 DuBoulay F. R. H. The Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages. New York, 1970.
8 McFarlane. Nobility of Later Medieval England. P. 68–70.
9 Ibid. P. 277.
10 Ibid. P. 71–72.
11 Loengard Janet S. «Of the Gift of Her Husband»: English Dower and Its Consequences in the Year 1200 // Women of the Medieval World. P. 238.
12 McFarlane. Nobility of Later Medieval England. P. 64–67, 137–138.
13 Ibid. P. 139–140.
14 Ibid. P. 65.
15 Ibid. P. 67.
16 Duby. Nobility in Medieval France. P. 109.
17 Matthew Paris. English History from the Year 1235 to 1273 (Chronica Majora) / Trans. J. A. Giles. London, 1854. P. 119–122.
18 Gies J., Gies F. Life in a Medieval Castle. P. 36–38.
19 Fox Levi. The Honor and Earldom of Leicester: Origin and Descent, 1066–1399 // English Historical Review. 215. 1939. P. 385–391.
20 Prothero G. W. The Life of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. London, 1877. P. 34–37; Fox. Honor and Earldom of Leicester. P. 392–395.
21 Ibid. P. 395–396.
22 Prothero. Simon de Montfort. P. 42–46.
23 Ibid. P. 47–52.
24 Everett Green Mary Ann. Lives of the Princesses of England. London, 1849. Vol. 2. P. 82.
25 Fox. Honor and Earldom of Leicester. P. 396–399.
26 Powicke F. M. Guy de Montfort (1265–1271) // Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Ser. 4. 18. 1935. P. 7–9.
27 Gies. Women in the Middle Ages. P. 135.
28 Loengard. English Dower. P. 216–235.
Глава X. Дети в период высокого Средневековья
1 Труд Бартоломея Английского «О свойствах вещей» (De proprietatibus rerum) цит. по: Medieval Lore from Bartholomew Anglicus / Ed. Robert Steele, trans. John of Trevisa (1326–1402). London, 1924. P. 51–52. В данном издании приводится в переложении на современный английский.
2 Goodich Michael. Bartholomaeus Anglicus on Childrearing // History of Childhood Quarterly. 3 (1975). P. 78.
К дискуссии об отношении к детям в Средние века: Herlihy David. Medieval Children // Essays on Medieval Civilization: The Walter Prescott Webb Memorial Lectures / Ed. B. K. Lackner, K. R. Philip. London, 1978. P. 109–142; Holmes, Urban Tigner. Medieval Children: «L’enfant et la vie familiale sous l’ancien régime» by Philippe Ariès // Journal of Social History. 2. 1968. P. 164–172; Gransden, Antonia. Childhood and Youth in Medieval England // Nottingham Medieval Studies. 16. 1972. P. 3–19; Kroll, Jerome. The Concept of Childhood in the Middle Ages // Journal of the History of Behavioural Sciences. 13. 1977. P. 384–393; Lyman, Richard B., Jr. Barbarism and Religion: Late Roman and Early Medieval Childhood // History of Childhood / Ed. Lloyd DeMause. London, 1976. P. 75–99; McLaughlin, Mary Martin. Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries // Ibid. P. 101–181. (Интересно отметить, что обе эти работы ни в коей мере не поддерживают точку зрения Демоса о том, что с детьми в Средние века обходились жестоко.) Исчерпывающее исследование средневековой иконографии детства от историка искусства Айлин Х. Форсайт: Forsyth Ilene H. Children in Early Medieval Art: Ninth Through Twelfth Centuries // Journal of Psychohistory. 4. 1976. P. 31–70.
3 Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Vol. 24. P. 629.
4 Giraldi Cambrensis Opera / Ed. J. S. Brewer. London, 1961. Vol. 1. P. 21.
5 The Ancrene Riwle (The Corpus MS: Ancrene Wisse) / Trans. M. B. Salu. London, 1955. P. 102–103.
6 Fitzstephen’s Description of London // Stow John. Survey of London / Ed. H. B. Wheatley. London, 1956. P. 507–509.
7 Trotula of Salerno. The Diseases of Women (Passionibus mulierum curandorum) / Trans. Elizabeth Mason-Holt. Los Angeles, 1940. P. 25–26.
8 Hanawalt Barbara A. Childrearing among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 8. 1977. P. 14–15.
9 Giraldus Cambrensis. The First Version of the Topography of Ireland / Trans. John J. O’Meara. Dundalk, 1951. P. 84.
10 Le Roy Ladurie. Montaillou. P. 213–214.
11 Ibid. P. 207–208.
12 Pantin W. A. The English Church in the Fourteenth Century. Cambridge, 1955. P. 197.
13 LaBarge Margaret Wade. A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century. New York, 1966. P. 45–47.
14 Trotula. Diseases of Women. P. 26.
15 Medieval Lore from Bartholomew Anglicus. P. 53–54.
16 Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis (The Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln) / Ed., trans. Decima L. Dowie, Dom Hugh Farmer. London, 1961–1962. Vol. 1. P. 128–130.
17 Medieval Lore from Bartholomew Anglicus. P. 58–59.
18 Helmholz Richard. Infanticide in the Province of Canterbury during the Fifteenth Century // History of Childhood Quarterly. 2 (1975). P. 379–390. Hanawalt. Medieval Childrearing. P. 9–14.
19 Ibid. P. 14–17.
20 Ibid. P. 20–21.
21 Le Roy Ladurie. Montaillou. P. 210.
22 Ibid. P. 210–211.
23 Ibid. P. 206, 210.
24 Ibid. P. 211–212.
25 Norgate Kate. The Minority of Henry III. London, 1912. P. 132–143, 175–177; Walker Sue Sheridan. Widow and Ward: The Feudal Law of Child Custody in Medieval England // Women in Medieval Society. P. 161–162.
26 Hanawalt. Childrearing. P. 18, 19; Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 156–162.
27 L’Histoire de Guillaume Maréchal / Ed. Paul Meyer. Paris, 1901. Vol. 1. P. 28.
28 A Source Book for Medieval Economic History / Ed. Roy C. Cave, Herbert H. Coulson. New York, 1936. P. 144–145.
29 Thrupp Sylvia. The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300–1500. Ann Arbor, 1948. P. 164–166, 192–193, 213–219.
30 Nicholas. Domestic Life of a Medieval City. P. 167.
31 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 166–167.
32 The Metalogicon of John of Salisbury, a Twelfth-Century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium / Trans. Daniel D. McGarry. Berkeley, 1955. P. 65–71.
33 Riché. Education and Culture. P. 451–454.
34 The Monastic Constitutions of Lanfranc / Trans. David Knowles. New York, 1951. P. 115–117.
35 The Life of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (Eadmeri monachi cantuariensis Vita Sancti Anselmi archiepiscopi cantuariensis) / Trans. R. W. Southern. London, 1962. P. 36–39; Житие святого Ансельма, составленное Эадмером, монахом кентерберийским, Ансельмовым учеником и неразлучным спутником / пер. С. С. Аверинцева // Памятники средневековой литературы X–XI вв. М., 2011. С. 237–247.
36 Chronicon abbatiae Ramesiensis / Ed. W. Dunn Macray. London, 1886. P. 112–114.
37 McLaughlin. Survivors and Surrogates. P. 103–105; Vita B. Petri Damiani per Joannem monachem eius discipulum // Patrologia Latina. Vol. 144. Col. 113–117.
38 Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent / Ed. John F. Benton. New York, 1970.
39 Ibid. P. 63–64.
40 Ibid. P. 72.
41 Ibid. P. 40–42.
42 Ibid. P. 132.
43 Ibid. P. 68.
44 Ibid. P. 45–48.
45 Ibid. P. 49–50.
46 Ibid. P. 72–74.
47 Ibid. P. 76–78.
48 Goodich Michael. Childhood and Adolescence Among the Thirteenth-Century Saints // History of Childhood Quarterly. 1 (1973). P. 285–309.
49 Self and Society, c. 89, 47–48.
50 Sheehan. Choice of Marriage Partner. P. 32.
Глава XI. Влияние «черной смерти»
1 Guasti Cesare. Ser Lapo Mazzei: Lettere di un notaro a un mercante del secolo XIV con altre lettere e documenti. Florence, 1880. Letter 18.
2 Klapisch Christiane. Déclin démographique et structure du ménage: l’exemple de Prato, fin XIVe – fin XVe // Famille et parenté. P. 258.
3 Ibid. P. 258–259.
4 Howell. Peasant Inheritance Customs. P. 125.
5 Boccaccio. The Decameron / Trans. John Payne. New York, 1931. P. 6; цит. в переводе Н. Любимова.
6 Agnolo di Tura. Cronica Senese di Agnolo di Tura del Grasso // Muratori L. A. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Bologna, 1934. Vol. 15. Pt. 6. P. 555.
7 Origo Iris. The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini, 1335–1410. Boston, 1986. Reprint 1957. P. 371–372.
8 Letters from Petrarch / Trans. Morris Bishop. Bloomington, Ind., 1966. P. 73–74.
9 Watkins Renée Neu. Petrarch and the Black Death: From Fear to Monuments // Studies in the Renaissance. 19–20 (1972–1973). P. 19–20.
10 Herlihy David. Santa Maria Impruneta: A Rural Commune in the Late Middle Ages // Herlihy David. Cities and Society in Medieval Italy. London, 1980. P. 242–276.
11 Ibid. P. 249–266.
12 Ibid. P. 258–264.
13 Ibid. P. 263–264.
14 Alberti Leon Battista. The Family in Renaissance Florence (I Libri della famiglia) / Trans. Renée Neu Watkins. Columbia, S.C., 1969. P. 189; Niccolini da Camugliano Ginevra. A Medieval Florentine, His Family and His Possessions // American Historical Review. 31 (1925). P. 18.
15 Herlihy. Impruneta. P. 266.
16 Ibid. P. 268.
17 Ibid. P. 272.
18 Ibid. P. 273–274.
19 Razi Zvi. Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society and Demography in Halesowen, 1270–1400. Cambridge, 1980. P. 99–113.
20 Ibid. P. 101–104.
21 Ibid. P. 104–105.
22 Ibid. P. 110.
23 Ibid. P. 112–113.
24 Bridbury A. R. The Black Death // Economic History Review. 2nd ser. 26 (1973). P. 590–591; автор цитирует «классическое объяснение» В. А. Льюиса (Lewis W. A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor // The Manchester School. 22 (1954)): «…феномен экономики, в которой рабочей силы настолько много, что ее маржинальная продуктивность пренебрежимо мала, равна нулю или даже отрицательна; экономика, которая фактически ничего не теряет в производительности, если убрать избыточную рабочую силу, и может что-то, а вероятно, даже многое, выиграть».
25 Howell. Peasant Inheritance Customs. P. 124–126.
26 The Chronicle of Jean de Venette / Trans. Jean Birdsall, R. A. Newhall. New York, 1953. P. 51.
27 Raftis. Warboys. P. 219.
28 De Windt. Holywell. P. 263–275.
29 Raftis J. A. Changes in an English Village after the Black Death // Medieval Studies. 29 (1967). P. 165.
30 Raftis. Warboys. P. 216–217.
31 Hilton R. H. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. New York, 1973. P. 184.
32 Ibid. P. 180.
33 Dyer Christopher. Families and Land in the West Midlands // Land, Kinship, and Life Cycle. P. 306; Homans. English Villagers. P. 276–284.
34 Miskimin Harry A. The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300–1460. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1969. P. 32–43, 57–61, 70–72.
35 The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. P. 50–51.
36 Klapisch. Déclin démographique. P. 259–260.
37 Herlihy David. Deaths, Marriages, Births, and the Tuscan Economy (ca. 1300–1550) // Herlihy. Cities and Society. P. 150.
38 Ibid. P. 152–153.
39 Ibid. P. 154.
40 Ibid. P. 157.
Глава XII. Крестьянская семья в эпоху позднего Средневековья: 1350–1500
1 Hoskins. Midland Peasant. P. 284–294; McKinnon Sarah. The Peasant House: Evidence of Manuscript Illumination // Raftis. Pathways to Medieval Peasants. P. 301–309.
2 McKinnon. The Peasant House. P. 305–307.
3 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 48.
4 Ibid. P. 49; Hoskins. Midland Peasant. P. 295–297.
5 Hilton. English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. P. 31–34.
6 Ibid. P. 101–102.
7 Raftis. Changes in the English Village. P. 173.
8 Ibid. P. 176.
9 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 121.
10 De Windt. Holywell. P. 216–217.
11 Raftis. Warboys. P. 230.
12 Harvey. Cuxham. P. 136–137, 118.
13 Hoskins. Midland Peasant. P. 41–42.
14 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 132–134.
15 Razi Zvi. The Erosion of the Family Land Bond in the Late Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, a Methodological Note // Land, Kinship, and Life Cycle. P. 301.
16 Church-Wardens’ Accounts of Coscombe, Pilton, Latton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael’s Bath / Ed. Edmund Hobhouse // Somerset Record Society. 4. 1890. P. 1; цит. в: Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 193.
17 Sheehan. Formation and Stability of Marriage. P. 254–255.
18 The Babees Book / Ed. Frederick Furnivall. New York, 1969. 1st ed. London, 1868. P. 48.
19 Ibid. P. 36.
20 Searle. Seigneurial Control. P. 26.
21 Stevenson Kenneth. Nuptial Blessings: A Study of Christian Marriage Rites. New York, 1983. P. 76–80.
22 Donahue. Canon Law on the Formation of Marriage. P. 146–150.
23 Sheehan. Formation and Stability of Marriage. P. 250.
24 Helmholz. Marriage Litigation. P. 29.
25 Kelly Henry Ansgar. Clandestine Marriage and Chaucer’s «Troilus» // Viator. 4. 1973. P. 435–437.
26 Sheehan. Formation and Stability of Marriage. P. 249.
27 Helmholz. Marriage Litigation. P. 49–50.
28 Ibid. P. 50–51.
29 Hilton. English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. P. 59.
30 Searle. Seigneurial Control. P. 31–32.
31 Sheehan. Formation and Stability of Marriage. P. 261–263.
32 Helmholz. Marriage Litigation. P. 88–89.
33 Nicholas. Domestic Life of a Medieval City. P. 36.
34 Bedfordshire Wills 1480–1519 / Trans. Patricia Bell // Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. 45. 1966.
35 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 221–222.
36 Bedfordshire Wills. P. 11–12.
37 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 76–78.
38 Clark. Aspects of Social Security. P. 308–309, 316.
39 Ibid. P. 310.
40 Ibid. P. 311.
41 Ibid. P. 311–312, 318.
42 Ibid. P. 312.
43 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 236–237.
44 Murray Alexander. Religion Among the Poor in ThirteenthCentury France, the Testimony of Humbert de Romans // Traditio. XXX. 1974. P. 295.
45 Middle English Sermons / Ed. Woodburn O. Ross. London, 1940. P. 89–90.
Глава XIII. Семья английского землевладельца-джентри
1 Bennett H. S. The Pastons and Their England: Studies in an Age of Transition, Cambridge, 1970. 1st ed. 1922. The Paston Letters, A.D. 1422–1509 / Ed. James Gairdner. 6 vols. New York, 1965. 1st ed. London, 1900, rev. 1904; The Paston Letters / Ed. Norman Davis. 2 vols. Oxford, 1971.
2 Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. xli-xliii; Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. №. 643. Vol. IV. P. 247–249.
3 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 2–3.
4 Ibid. P. 3–4.
5 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. №. 702. Vol. II. P. 127–130.
6 Gies. The Knight in History. P. 206–207.
7 Barnes H. D., Simpson W. D. The Building Accounts of Caister Castle, A.D. 1432–1435 // Norfolk Archaeology. 30. 1952. P. 178–188.
8 Gies. The Knight in History. P. 188–190.
9 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 11–17; Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 488. Vol. IV. P. 1–4; № 568. Vol. IV. P. 107–108; № 569 Vol. IV. P. 109–110; № 572. Vol. IV. P. 116–117.
10 Haskell Ann S. The Paston Women on Marriage in Fifteenth Century England // Viator. 4. 1973. P. 463–465.
11 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 47. Vol. II. P. 55–56.
12 Ibid. № 497. Vol. IV. P. 15.
13 Ibid. № 489. Vol. IV. P. 4–5.
14 Ibid. № 224. Vol. II. P. 282.
15 Ibid. № 183. Vol. II. P. 228–229.
16 Ibid. № 595. Vol. IV. P. 164.
17 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 12–13, 83–84; Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. xlvi.
18 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 13; Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. xlvi-xlvii.
19 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 102–108.
20 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 362. Vol. III. P. 123.
21 Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. xxxvii-xxxviii.
22 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 766. Vol. V. P. 93.
23 Ibid. № 978. Vol. VI. P. 52.
24 Ibid. № 706, 707. Vol. V. P. 18–19.
25 Ibid. № 704. Vol. V. P. 14–16.
26 Ibid. № 742. Vol. V. P. 69.
27 Ibid. № 781. Vol. V. P. 111.
28 Ibid. № 798. Vol. V. P. 135.
29 Ibid. № 831. Vol. V. P. 181.
30 Ibid. № 842. Vol. V. P. 198.
31 Ibid. № 863. Vol. V. P. 220–221.
32 Ibid. № 900, 916. Vol. P. 293–294.
33 Ibid. № 933. Vol. V. P. 323–324.
34 Ibid. № 662. Vol. IV. P. 270–271.
35 Ibid. № 742. Vol. V. P. 68–70.
36 Ibid. № 781. Vol. V. P. 109.
37 Ibid. № 850, 858. Vol. V. P. 206–208.
38 Ibid. № 850. Vol. V. P. 207.
39 Ibid. № 860. Vol. V. P. 216–218.
40 Ibid. № 885. Vol. V. P. 251–252.
41 Ibid. № 890. Vol. V. P. 259.
42 Ibid. № 903. Vol. V. P. 273–274.
43 Ibid. № 887. Vol. V. P. 255–256.
44 Ibid. № 895. Vol. V. P. 265.
45 Ibid. № 896. Vol. V. P. 266.
46 Ibid. № 896. Vol. V. P. 266.
47 Ibid. № 897, 898. Vol. V. P. 267–268.
48 Ibid. № 903. Vol. V. P. 274.
49 Ibid. № 899. Vol. V. P. 269.
50 Ibid. № 901. Vol. V. P. 271–272.
51 Ibid. № 902. Vol. V. P. 272–273.
52 Ibid. № 905. Vol. V. P. 275–276.
53 Ibid. № 911. Vol. V. P. 285–286.
54 Ibid. № 915. Vol. V. P. 290–292.
55 Ibid. № 916. Vol. V. P. 294.
56 Ibid. № 923. Vol. V. P. 307–308.
57 Ibid. № 982. Vol. VI. P. 58.
58 Ibid. № 926. Vol. V. P. 312.
59 Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. 11.
60 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 825. Vol. V. P. 173.
61 Ibid. № 942. Vol. VI. P. 7–8.
62 Ibid. № 974. Vol. VI. P. 43–44.
63 Ibid. № 94. Vol. II. P. 109–111.
64 Ibid. № 224. Vol. II. P. 281–282.
65 Ibid. № 237. Vol. II. P. 301.
66 Ibid. № 242, 243. Vol. II. P. 314–316.
67 Ibid. № 250, 252. Vol. II. P. 325–328.
68 Ibid. № 260. Vol. III. P. 1–3.
69 Ibid. № 374. Vol. III. P. 233–234.
70 Ibid. № 843. Vol. V. P. 200. Беннет считал, что Анна была старшей их двух дочерей; Норман Дэвис пришел к выводу, что Анна родилась около 1455 г., Марджери – раньше 1450-го (Paston Letters / Ed. Davis. P. lxii).
71 Ibid. № 842. Vol. V. P. 199.
72 Ibid. № 884. Vol. V. P. 250.
73 Ibid. № 713. Vol. V. P. 25–28.
74 Ibid. № 721. Vol. V. P. 37–40.
75 Ibid. № 978. Vol. VI. P. 52.
76 Ibid. № 733. Vol. V. P. 57–58.
77 Ibid. Vol. I, P. 292–294; №. 856, 857, 862, 863, 875, 916, 917. Vol. V. P. 211–214, 220–222, 293–296.
78 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 25–26.
79 McFarlane. Nobility of Later Medieval England. P. 97.
80 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 90–100.
81 Langland William. The Vision and Creed of Piers Plowman / Ed. Thomas Wright. London, 1887. Vol. 1. P. 179 (песнь10, строки 5795–5808).
82 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 695. Vol. V. P. 1–4.
83 Bennett. The Pastons and Their England. P. 111–113.
84 Paston Letters / Ed. Gairdner. № 637. Vol. IV. P. 226–231.
85 Worship Francis. Account of a MS. Genealogy of the Paston Family // Norfolk Archaeology. 4. 1855. P. 1–55.
Глава XIV. Купеческая семья во Флоренции XV века
1 Il Libro degli affari proprii di casa di Lapo di Giovanni Niccolini de’Sirigatti / Ed. Christian Bec. Paris, 1969. P. 55.
2 Ibid. P. 55–56.
3 Herlihy, Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 349.
4 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 71.
5 Herlihy David. Mapping Households in Medieval Italy // Catholic History Review. 58 (1972). P. 1–19.
6 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 70–72.
7 Goldthwaite R. A. The Florentine Palace as Domestic Architecture // American Historical Review. 77 (1972). P. 1002.
8 Origo. Merchant of Prato. P. 245–263.
9 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 5–6.
10 Ibid. P. 10.
11 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 79.
12 Nicholas. Domestic Life of a Medieval City. P. 175–206.
13 Heers. Urbanisme et structure sociale a Gênes au Moyen-Age. P. 384–389.
14 Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 88–92.
15 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 2.
16 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 72.
17 Ibid. P. 72–73.
18 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 4–5.
19 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 72–73.
20 Herlihy. Mapping Households. P. 80; Idem. The Tuscan Town in the Quattrocento // Cities and Society. P. 87; см. также: Origo Iris. The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries // Speculum. 30 (1955). P. 321–366.
21 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 75.
22 Herlihy, Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 283.
23 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 88.
24 Herlihy. Mapping Households. P. 19.
25 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 222; Альберти Леон Баттиста. Книги о семье / пер. М. Юсима. М., 2008. С. 217.
26 Ibid. P. 224; Там же. С. 219.
27 Ibid. P. 1–2; предисловие Роберта Болгара.
28 Ibid. P. 115–116; Альберти. Книги о семье. С. 104.
29 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 81–83.
30 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 2.
31 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 83–84.
32 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 117; Альберти. Книги о семье. С. 105.
33 Dati Gregorio. Diary // Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati / Trans. Julia Martines. New York, 1967. P. 114.
34 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 90.
35 Lynch Joseph H. Hugh I of Cluny’s Sponsorship of Henry IV, Its Context and Consequences // Speculum. 60. 1985. P. 806–807.
36 Ross James Bruce. The Middle Class Child in Urban Italy, Fourteenth to Early Sixteenth Century // DeMause, History of Childhood. P. 189.
37 Dante. Divine Comedy / Trans. Louis Biancolli. New York, 1966. Vol. 1. P. 59; Данте. Рай. Песнь XV. Ст. 103. Перевод Д. Мина.
38 Kirshner Julius, Molho Anthony. The Dowry Fund and the Marriage Market in Early Quattrocento Florence // Journal of Modern History. 50 (1978). P. 403–438.
39 Herlihy. Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 86.
40 Herlihy. The Tuscan Town in the Quattrocento. P. 91–92.
41 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 4.
42 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 183.
43 Origo Iris. The World of San Bernardino. New York, 1962. P. 55.
44 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 185.
45 Ibid. P. 194.
46 Ibid. P. 185; Sheehan. Choice of Marriage Partner. P. 31–32.
47 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 186–187.
48 Ibid. P. 262–266; Girard René. Marriage in Avignon in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century // Speculum. 28. 1953. P. 492.
49 Boccaccio Giovanni. Corbaccio / Ed. P. G. Ricci. Turin, 1977. P. 71–72, цит. по: Klapisch Christiane. «La ‘Mère cruelle», maternité, veuvage, et dot dans la Florence des XIVe – XVe siècles // Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 38 (1983). P. 1107; Боккаччо Дж. Ворон, или Лабиринт любви. Перевод Н. Фарфель.
50 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 71.
51 Kirshner Julius. Wives’ Claims Against Insolvent Husbands // Women of the Medieval World. P. 257.
52 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 59.
53 Herlihy David. Some Social and Psychological Roots of Violence in the Tuscan Cities // Herlihy. Cities and Society. P. 129–154.
54 Ross. Middle Class Child. P. 194.
55 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 137–138.
56 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 60.
57 Ross. Middle Class Child. P. 187.
58 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 144.
59 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 50; Альберти. Книги о семье. С. 31, 32.
60 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 108.
61 Ross. Middle Class Child. P. 204, 212; Gies Joseph, Gies Frances. Leonard of Pisa and the New Mathematics of the Middle Ages. New York, 1969. P. 98.
62 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 82; Альберти. Книги о семье. С. 66.
63 Origo. Merchant of Prato. P. 227–228.
64 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 65.
65 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 36–37; Альберти. Книги о семье. С. 17.
66 Ibid. P. 37; Там же. С. 18.
67 Ibid. P. 88; Там же. С. 73.
68 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 62.
69 Ibid. P. 63.
70 Ibid. P. 65–66.
71 Ibid. P. 269.
72 Goldthwaite. The Florentine Palace. P. 1010.
73 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 112.
74 Herlihy. The Tuscan Town in the Quattrocento. P. 97.
75 Biller P. P. A. Birth Control in the West // Past and Present. 94 (1982). P. 17.
76 Herlihy, Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 253; Herlihy. The Tuscan Town in the Quattrocento. P. 97.
77 Herlihy. Mapping Households in Medieval Italy. P. 14–15; Herlihy, Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 250–251.
78 Klapisch-Zuber. Women, Family, and Ritual. P. 17; Herlihy, Klapisch-Zuber. Tuscans and Their Families. P. 245.
79 Origo. World of San Bernardino. P. 63.
80 Niccolini. A Medieval Florentine. P. 8.
81 Ibid. P. 8–9.
Глава XV. Наследие
1 Alberti. The Family in Renaissance Florence. P. 80.
2 Herlihy. Medieval Households. P. 158.
3 Thrupp. Merchant Class of Medieval London. P. 164–165.
4 Hanawalt. Ties That Bound. P. 248.
5 Gutkind Curt S. Cosimo de’Medici, Pater Patriae, 1389–1464. Oxford, 1938. P. 216–217.
6 Sheehan. Choice of Marriage Partner. P. 29.
7 Lecoy de la Marche A. La Chaire française au moyen âge. Paris, 1886. P. 431.
8 Rossiaud Jacques. Prostitution, Sex, and Society in French Towns in the Fifteenth Century // Ariès and Béjin, Western Sexuality. P. 93.
9 Ozment Steven. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, Mass. 1983. P. 36.
10 Ariès Philippe. The Indissoluble Marriage // Ariès, Béjin. Western Sexuality. P. 155.
11 Brundage. Concubinage and Marriage. P. 11.
12 Noonan. Power to Choose. P. 434.
13 Ourliac P. Le Droit privé avignonais aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Paris, 1936; цит. в: Girard René. Marriage in Avignon. P. 493.
14 Nicholas. Domestic Life of a Medieval City. P. 36–37.
15 Ozment. When Fathers Ruled. P. 46.
16 Ibid. P. 48.
17 Ibid. P. 8.
18 Flandrin Jean-Louis. Sex in Married Life in the Early Middle Ages: The Church’s Teaching and Behavioural Reality // Ariès, Béjin. Western Sexuality. P. 126.
19 Ibid. P. 115.
20 Lemay Helen R. Antonius Guainerius and Medieval Gynecology // Women in the Medieval World. P. 331–333.
21 Helmholz. Infanticide. P. 395.
22 Langer William L. Infanticide: A Historical Review // History of Childhood Quarterly. 1 (1974). P. 362.
23 Heers J. Le Clan familial au moyen âge. Paris, 1974. P. 112.
24 Goldthwaite. The Florentine Palace. P. 977–1012.
25 Schevill Ferdinand. The Medici. New York, 1949. P. 108; Gutkind. Cosimo de’ Medici. P. 235–236.