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2. David Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000, 242–248.

3. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944; Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon, The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa, American Economic Review 101, no. 7 (December 2011): 3221–3252, available at American Economic Association, www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.101.7.3221.

4. Winston Churchill, The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan, London: Longmans, Green, 1899, n. p.

5. L. A. Knight, The Royal Titles Act and India, Historical Journal 11, no. 3 (1968): 488–507.

6. Karl Marx, British Rule in India, New-York Daily Tribune, June 25, 1853, available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/06/25.htm; Karl Marx, The Future Results of British Rule in India, New-York Daily Tribune, July 22, 1853, available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/410.htm.

7. Dugald Stewart, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, LL.D., Edinburgh: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1794, available at my website at https://delong.typepad.com/files/stewart.pdf.

8. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982, 179.

9. Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 48–68.

10. Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Did Muhammad Ali Foster Industrialization in Early 19th Century Egypt? Economic History Review 68 (2015): 79–100.

11. David Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Imperialism in the Egypt of the 1860's, PhD diss., Harvard University, 1953.

12. Alicia E. Neve Little, Li Hung-Chang: His Life and Times, London: Cassell and Company, 1903; Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.

13. Ellsworth Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957.

14. Robert Allen, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

15. A. L. Sadler, The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu, London: Routledge, 1937; Conrad D. Totman, The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu: 1862–1868, Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1980.

16. Robert Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, 118–119.

17. Totman, Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu; Jerry Kamm Fisher, The Meirokusha, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1974.

18. John P. Tang, Railroad Expansion and Industrialization: Evidence from Meiji Japan, Journal of Economic History 74, no. 3 (сентябрь 2014 года): 863–886; George Allen, A Short Economic History of Modern Japan, 1867–1937, London: Allen and Unwin, 1972, 32–62, 81–99.

19. Myung Soo Cha, Did Takahashi Korekiyo Rescue Japan from the Great Depression? Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 127–144; Dick Nanto and Shinji Takagi, Korekiyo Takahashi and Japan's Recovery from the Great Depression, American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (May 1985): 369–374; Richard J. Smethurst, From Foot Soldier to Finance Minister: Takahashi Korekiyo, Japan's Keynes, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.

20. Kozo Yamamura, Success Illgotten? The Role of Meiji Militarism in Japan's Technological Progress, Journal of Economic History 37, no. 1 (March 1977): 113–135.

21. Rudyard Kipling, White Man's Burden, The Times, February 4, 1899, reprinted at Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden.

22. Joseph Schumpeter, The Sociology of Imperialisms, 1918, in Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays by Joseph Schumpeter, Cleveland: Meridian Books, 2007.

23. John Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, London: James Nisbet, 1902.

24. Norman Angell, Europe's Optical Illusion, Hamilton, Kent, UK: Simpkin, Marshall, 1908.