1. Судьба традиционного высшего сословия в условиях «массового общества»

³²³Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. L., Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969. Р. 44–45, 79–80, 84–89, 126–127.

³²⁴Guttsman W.L. Elite Recruitment and Political Leadership in Britain and Germany since 1950: A Comparative Study of MPs and Cabinets // Elites in Western democracy. P. 102.

³²⁵Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 69.

³²⁶Demeter K. The German Officer Corps in Society and State. Р. 55.

³²⁷ Подсчитано по: Залесский К.А. Кто был кто в Третьем Рейхе. М., 2002.

³²⁸Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 103, 105, 107, 110, 114.

³²⁹ Quem Governa a Europa do Sul? O recrutamento ministerial, 1850–2000. P. 126.

³³⁰Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 21–22, 65, 91–93, 95–97, 156–157.

³³¹Бирнбаум П., Барук Ш. Беллэш М, Марие А. Французский правящий класс. С. 175–182, 187, 189.

³³²Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 89, 102, 124, 134, 161, 167–168, 171–172.

³³³Daalder H., Berg van der J.T.J. Members of the Dutch Lower House: Pluralism and Democratization, 1848–1967 // Does who governs matter? Elite circulation in contemporary societies. Р. 222.

³³⁴Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 147–152, 167–168, 256.

³³⁵Sampson A. The New Anatomy of Britain. Р. 557.

³³⁶Тамамес Р. Финансовая олигархия Испании…

³³⁷Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 139–141, 245.

³³⁸ Quem Governa a Europa do Sul? O recrutamento ministerial, 1850–2000. P. 126.

³³⁹Понеделко Г.Н. Государство в экономике Испании. C. 39.

³⁴⁰Тамамес Р. Финансовая олигархия Испании. C. 242–269.

³⁴¹Linz J.J., Jerez M., Corzo S. Ministers and regimes in Spain: From the First to the Second Restoration, 1874–2002 // Who Governs Southern Europe? Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000, London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003. P. 122, 126.

³⁴²Sinclair A. The Last of the Best: The Aristocracy of Europe in the Twentieth Century. Р. 145–146, 172, 174–175, 182.

³⁴³Bill J.A. The Patterns of Elite Politics in Iran. Р. 33–35.

³⁴⁴Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 92–93, 95, 98, 116.

³⁴⁵Jaher F.C. Style and Status: High Society in Late Nineteenth-Century New York // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. Urbana – Chicago – London, 1973. Р. 266.

³⁴⁶Baltzell E.D. Social Mobility and Fertility Within an Elite Group // Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Vol. 31 (October 1953), No. 4. Р. 414–416, 418–420; Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 252.

³⁴⁷ См., например: Amory C. The Proper Bostonians. NY., 1947; Baltzell E.D. Philadelphia Gentlemen. NY., 1958; Burt N. The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy. Boston, 1963; Cady E.G. The Gentlemen in America. Syracuse, 1949.

³⁴⁸Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 304.

³⁴⁹Hacker A. The Elect and the Appointment: Two American Elites // American Political Science Review, 55 (Sept. 1961). Р. 546.

2. Численность элиты и высшей элиты

³⁵⁰Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 78.

³⁵¹ См.: Gilbert, D., Kahl, J. The American Class Structure. A New Synthesis. Homewood: The Dorsey Press, 1982; Coleman, R., Rainwater, L., McClilland, K. Social Standing in America: New Dimensions of Class. New York: Basic Books, 1978.

³⁵²Аксёнов А. Н. Возрастание руководящей роли партии в коммунистическом строительстве: на материалах Компартии Белоруссии, 1959–1973 гг. Минск., 1974. С. 60.

³⁵³Восленский М.С. Номенклатура. Господствующий класс Советского Союза. М., 1991. С. 153.

³⁵⁴Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 125.

³⁵⁵Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 140, 204–205.

³⁵⁶Егоров К.Л. Государственный аппарат КНР. С. 67, 70, 135–140, 150, 157.

³⁵⁷Капралов П.Б., Круглов А.М., Островский А.В. Современные тенденции развития социальной структуры КНР. С. 150.

³⁵⁸Мосько Г.Н. Армия Китая – орудие авантюристической политики маоистов. С. 65, 82.

³⁵⁹Егоров К.Л. Государственный аппарат КНР. С. 22.

³⁶⁰Baena del Alcazar M., Pizarro N. The Structure of the Spanish Political Elite, 1939–1975 // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 153–155, 162–163, 167, 170.

³⁶¹Волков М.С. Правящая элита Испании второй половины XX в. С. 70–71, 129, 159.

³⁶²Sampson A. The New Anatomy of Britain. Р.263.

³⁶³Кувалдин В.Б. Интеллигенции в современной Италии. С. 174.

³⁶⁴Hoffman-Lange U. Structural Prerequisites of Elite Integration in the Federal Republic of Germany // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. P. 49.

³⁶⁵Higley J., Deacon D. The Australian National Elite in the 1970s and 1980s // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. P. 102–103.

³⁶⁶Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 153–155.

³⁶⁷ Хангук инмён сачжон (Биографический словарь Кореи). Сеул, 1976.

³⁶⁸Калашников Н.И. Вооруженные силы и эволюция политической системы Таиланда // Вооруженные силы в политической системе. М., 1981. С. 86, 92; Федоров В.А. Армия и политический режим в Таиланде. С. 28, 63.

³⁶⁹Ocampo-Zamorano A. Public vs. Private? Conceptions of Entrepreneurial and Political Elites of the Quest for Colombian Development // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 224–225.

³⁷⁰Gutmann E., Landau J.M. The Political Elite and Leadership in Israel // Political Elites in the Middle East. Р. 178–179.

³⁷¹Bill J.A. The Patterns of Elite Politics in Iran. Р. 23, 26–27.

³⁷² Государство в странах капиталистической ориентации. С. 52, 187.

3. Образовательный уровень элиты и роль престижных учебных заведений

³⁷³ Наличие высшего образования у этих лиц по годам рождения выглядело так:

(Mills W. The American Business Elite: A Collective Portrait // The Tasks of Economic History. Supplement to the Journal of Economic History. V Desember 1945. Р 30, 32–33, 37.)

³⁷⁴Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20^th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. Р. 100, 115.

³⁷⁵Mannari H. The Japanese Business Leaders. Р. 198.

³⁷⁶Newcomer M. The Chief Executives of Large Business Corporations // Exploration in Enterpreneurial History. Vol. V. Cambridge, 1952–1953. Р. 21, 26, 11.

³⁷⁷Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 146.

³⁷⁸Miller W. American Historians and the Business Elite // Journal of Economic History. Vol. IX, N 2. November 1949. Р. 207.

³⁷⁹ The Nine Hundred // Fortune, November 1952. P. 135.

³⁸⁰Granick D. Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries: France, Britain, United States, and Russia. VIN Press, 1972. Р. 168.

³⁸¹Mannari H. The Japanese Business Leaders. Р. 226.

³⁸²Marger M. Elites and Masses: an Introduction to Political Sociology. P. 167.

³⁸³Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 529–530.

³⁸⁴Macmahon A., Millet J.D. Federal Administrators. NY., 1939. Р. 294.

³⁸⁵Bendix R. Higher Civil Servants in American Society // University of Colorado Studies, Series in Sociology, 1 July, 1949. Р.32.

³⁸⁶Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 223.

³⁸⁷Галкин А.А. Правящая элита современного капитализма // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 1969. № 3. С. 82; Бурлацкий Ф.М., Галкин А.А. Социология. Политика. Международные отношения. М., 1974. С. 147.

³⁸⁸Aberbach J.D., Rockman B.A. The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen // British Journal of Political Science, 7 (January 1977). Р. 28.

³⁸⁹Zweigenhaft R. Who Represents America? // Insurgent Sociologist 1975 (Spring). Р. 124.

³⁹⁰Krueger T.A., Glidden W. The New Deal Intellectual Elite: A Collective Portrait // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. Urbana – Chicago – London, 1973. P. 354.

³⁹¹Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 298–301.

³⁹²Willhelm S., Sjoberg G. The Social Characteristics of Entertainers // Social Forces, XXXVII, No. 1 (October, 1958). Р. 72.

³⁹³Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 519–521.

³⁹⁴Janowitz M. The Professional Soldier. NY., 1960. Р. 90–92, 99.

³⁹⁵ По времени рождения и на отдельные годы это выглядело так:

(Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20^th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. Р. 116.)

³⁹⁶Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20^th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. Р. 198.

³⁹⁷Mannari H. The Japanese Business Leaders. Р. 83.

³⁹⁸ По разным типам компаний это выглядело так:

(Granick D. Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries: France, Britain, United States, and Russia. Р. 175–176.)

³⁹⁹Галкин А.А. Правящая элита современного капитализма. С. 82; Бурлацкий Ф.М., Галкин А.А. Социология. Политика. Международные отношения. С.147.

⁴⁰⁰Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19^th and 20^th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. Р. 103, 115.

⁴⁰¹Бирнбаум П., Барук Ш. Беллэш М., Марие А. Французский правящий класс. С. 175–182.

⁴⁰²Ridley F.F. French Technocracy and Comparative Government // Political Studies, XIV, 1, February 1966. Р. 47–49.

⁴⁰³Hamon L. The Members of the French Parliament // International Social Science Journal, XIII, 4 (1961). Р. 549–550.

⁴⁰⁴Бирнбаум П., Барук Ш. Беллэш М, Марие А. Французский правящий класс. С. 175–182.

⁴⁰⁵Галкин А.А. Правящая элита современного капитализма. С. 82; Бурлацкий Ф.М., Галкин А.А. Социология. Политика. Международные отношения. С. 147.

⁴⁰⁶Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 108.

⁴⁰⁷Hoffman-Lange U. Structural Prerequisites of Elite Integration in the Federal Republic of Germany // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 53, 58.

⁴⁰⁸Hoffman-Lange U., Neumann H., Steinkemper B. Conflict and Consensus among Elites in the Federal Republic of Germany // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 249.

⁴⁰⁹Guttsman W.L. Elite Recruitment and Political Leadership in Britain and Germany since 1950. P. 112.

⁴¹⁰Hoffman-Lange U., Neumann H., Steinkemper B. Conflict and Consensus among Elites in the Federal Republic of Germany. Р. 248–249.

⁴¹¹Hoffman-Lange U. Structural Prerequisites of Elite Integration in the Federal Republic of Germany. P. 53, 58.

⁴¹²Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20^th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. Р. 105, 115.

⁴¹³Anton T.J., Linde C., Mellbourn A. Bureaucrats in Politics: A Profile of the Swedish Administrative Elite // Canadian Public Administration, 16 (Winter 1973). Р. 634–635.

⁴¹⁴Волков М.С. Правящая элита Испании второй половины XX в. М., 2019. С. 72–73, 131–133, 162–163.

⁴¹⁵Галкин А.А. Правящая элита современного капитализма. С. 82; Бурлацкий Ф.М., Галкин А.А. Социология. Политика. Международные отношения. С.147.

⁴¹⁶ Who Governs Southern Europe?: Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000. Р. 8, 22 46,57,93,123, 128, 163, 186, 194.

⁴¹⁷Mannari H. The Japanese Business Leaders. Р. 11, 17, 19, 27, 24, 65, 71, 163, 167, 174, 179, 181, 222.

⁴¹⁸ Подсчитано по: Хангук инмён сачжон (Биографический словарь Кореи). Сеул, 1976.

⁴¹⁹Higley J., Deacon D. The Australian National Elite in the 1970s and 1980s // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. P. 104–105.

⁴²⁰Drake P.W. The Political Responses of the Chilean Upper Class to the Great Depression and the Threat of Socialism, 1931–1933 // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. Urbana-Chicago – London, 1973. P. 314.

⁴²¹Словесная Н.Г. Интеллигенция Таиланда. С. 48.

⁴²²Gutmann E., Landau J.M. The Political Elite and Leadership in Israel. Р. 187.

⁴²³Marr Ph. A. The Political Elite in Iraq. Р. 114, 116, 128, 133.

⁴²⁴Bill J.A. The Patterns of Elite Politics in Iran. Р. 27–29.

⁴²⁵Frey F.W. Patterns of Elite Politics in Turkey // Political Elites in the Middle East. Р. 57–58.

⁴²⁶Torrey G.H. Aspects of the Political Elite in Syria // Political Elites in the Middle East. Р. 154–155.

⁴²⁷ Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848–2000. Legislative recruitments and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Ed. by Best H. and Cotta M. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Р. 41; 58; 96; 215; 151,221; 231; 281; 319; 360; 376; 473.

⁴²⁸Волков С.В. Советский истеблишмент // Русский исторический журнал. 2001. № 1–4. С. 316–317, 320–321, 336.

⁴²⁹Laski H.J. The Personnel of the British Cabinet, 1801–1924 // American Political Science Review, Vol. 22 (1), 1928. Р. 25.

⁴³⁰Matthews D.R. The Social Background of Political Decision-Makers. Р. 44, 46.

⁴³¹ Образование членов парламента (к – консерваторы, л – лейбористы) в 1951–1970 гг. (%)

(Guttsman W.L. Elite Recruitment and Political Leadership in Britain and Germany since 1950. P. 103.)

⁴³² Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848–2000. Legislative recruitments and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Р. 483.

⁴³³Stanworth P.H. Property, Class and the Corporate Elite // Elites in Western democracy. P. 262.

⁴³⁴Granick D. Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries: France, Britain, United States, and Russia. Р. 175–176.

⁴³⁵ Образование англиканских епископов выглядело следующим образом:

(Morgan D.HJ. The Social and Educational Background of Anglican Bishops: Continuities and Changes // British Journal of Sociology, vol. 20 (3), September 1969. Р 298.)

⁴³⁶Sampson A. The New Anatomy of Britain. Р. 128, 133, 309, 316.

⁴³⁷RazzellP.E. Social Origins of Officers in the Indian and British Home Army, 1758–1962 // British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 14 (3), 1963. Р. 259.

⁴³⁸Hall R. The Family Background of Etonians // Studies in British Politics. Ed. by R. Rose. L., 1969. Р 68, 72.

⁴³⁹Kelsall R.K., Poole A., Kuhn A. Graduates: the Sociology of an Elite. L., 1972. Р. 200.

⁴⁴⁰Lupton T., Wilson C.S. The Social Background and Connections of “Top Decision Makers” // Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, vol. 27 (1), January 1959. Р. 36–37.

⁴⁴¹Aberbach J.D., Rockman B.A. The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen. Р. 29.

⁴⁴²Parry G. Political elites. L., 2005. Р. 84–85.

⁴⁴³Wakeford J. and F., Benson D. Some Social and Educational Characteristics of Selected Elite Groups in Contemporary Britain: A Recearch Note based on a “K means” Cluster Analysis // Elites in Western democracy. P. 175–176, 177–178.

⁴⁴⁴Aberbach J.D., Rockman B.A. The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen. Р. 29.

⁴⁴⁵Robinson K. Selection and Social Background of the Administrative Class // Public Administration, Vol. 33 (4), 1955. Р. 385.

⁴⁴⁶Sampson A. The New Anatomy of Britain. Р. 241, 288.

⁴⁴⁷Dodd C.H. Recruitment to the Administrative Class 1960–1964 // Public Administration, Spring 1967. Р. 56, 59–60.

⁴⁴⁸Jones G. The Political Structure. L., 1969. P. 72.

⁴⁴⁹Punnett R. British Government and Politics. NY., 1968. P. 313.

⁴⁵⁰Sampson A. The New Anatomy of Britain. Р. 288.

⁴⁵¹Goldstein-Jackson K. The Judicial Elite // New Society, vol. 15, No. 398, 14 May

1970. P. 828.

⁴⁵² Государственная служба основных капиталистических стран С. 121.

⁴⁵³Sheriff P. Carrier Patterns in the Higher Civil Service. L., 1976. P. 51.

⁴⁵⁴Kelsall R.K. Higher Civil Servants in Britain from 1870 to the Present Day. Р. 122–123, 127–129, 136–139.

⁴⁵⁵Krueger T.A., Glidden W. The New Deal Intellectual Elite: A Collective Portrait // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. Urbana – Chicago – London, 1973. P. 354.

⁴⁵⁶Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 297, 307–308.

⁴⁵⁷Миллс Р. Властвующая элита. С. 140–141, 146, 283–284, 326–328, 529–530.

⁴⁵⁸Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. Р. 310–312.

⁴⁵⁹Hacker A. The Elect and the Appointment: Two American Elites // American Political Science Review, 55 (Sept.1961). Р. 541, 544.

⁴⁶⁰Granick D. Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries: France, Britain, United States, and Russia. Р. 170–171.

⁴⁶¹Zweigenhaft R. Who Represents America? // Insurgent Sociologist 1975 (Spring). Р. 125.

⁴⁶²Aberbach J.D., Rockman B.A. The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen. Р. 29.

⁴⁶³Marger M. Elites and Masses: an Introduction to Political Sociology. P. 173.

⁴⁶⁴Barton A.H. Background, Attitudes, and Activities of American Elites // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 188–189.

⁴⁶⁵Higley J., Deacon D. The Australian National Elite in the 1970s and 1980s // Studies of the structure of national elite groups. Ed. by G. Moore. Greenwich and London, 1985. Р. 105.

⁴⁶⁶ Государственная служба основных капиталистических стран. С. 205.

⁴⁶⁷Ridley F.F. French Technocracy and Comparative Government // Political Studies, XIV, 1, February 1966. Р.38.

⁴⁶⁸Бирнбаум П., Барук Ш. Беллэш М., Марие А. Французский правящий класс. С. 73, 155–157.

⁴⁶⁹Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 17.

⁴⁷⁰Ridley F.F. French Technocracy and Comparative Government. Р. 48–49.

⁴⁷¹Granick D. Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries: France, Britain, United States, and Russia. Р. 182–186, 189.

⁴⁷²Волков М.С. Правящая элита Испании второй половины XX в. С. 74, 135.

⁴⁷³ Who Governs Southern Europe?: Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000. Р.23–24, 95, 191.

⁴⁷⁴Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 174.

⁴⁷⁵Mannari H. The Japanese Business Leaders. Р. 73, 184, 223.

⁴⁷⁶Perkin H.J. The Third Revolution: professional elites in the modern world. Р. 151.

⁴⁷⁷Вострикова Е.А. Социальная характеристика и закономерности развития высшей бюрократической элиты Республики Корея (1948–1998) // Российское корееведение. Альманах. Вып. 4. М., 2004. C. 187.

⁴⁷⁸Drake P.W. The Political Responses of the Chilean Upper Class to the Great Depression and the Threat of Socialism, 1931–1933 // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. Urbana-Chicago – London, 1973, p. 314.

⁴⁷⁹Азарх А.Э. Государственные служащие Индии. С. 92–93.

⁴⁸⁰Волков С.В. Советский истеблишмент // Русский исторический журнал. 2001 № 1–4. С. 348, 355.