1. E. Ann Matter, ‘The Soul of the Dog-Man: Ratramnus of Corbie Between Theology and Philosophy’, Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 86 (2006): 43–53; MGH SS 11, 9.
2. «Они пожирали тела» – см. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, ed. H. Yule, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1871), 276. См. также The Greek Alexander Romance, ed. Richard Stoneman (London, 1991), 186–187.
3. Eizo Matsuki, ‘The Crimean Tatars and Their Russian-Captive Slaves’, Mediterranean World 18 (2006): 171–182; Dagmar Klímová-Rychnová, ‘Kulturní zázemí epiteta “Tataré-Psohlavci”, Český lid 55, nos. 2–3 (1968): 109–120.
4. Dana Rehn, ‘Going to the Dogs: The Foreign and Renaissance Other in German Renaissance Prints’, Otherness: Essays and Studies 5, no. 2 (2016): 111–150.
5. Оригинальный латинский текст представлен в Tibor Neumann, Berg megye hatóságának oklevelei (Nyíregyháza, 2006), no. 223 (1476).
1. Оригинальный латинский список, известный как Laterculus Veronensis, представлен в Theodor Mommsen, Verzeichniss der Römischen Provinzen (Berlin, 1863), 491–493.
2. Tilmann Bechert, ‘Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft der römischen Provinz Germania Inferior’, Antike Welt 14, no. 1 (1983): 46–57; J. J. Wilkes, ‘The Roman Danube: An Archaeological Survey’, Journal of Roman Studies 95 (2005); 124–225; Anett Firnigl and Miklós Nagy, ‘Using Colors at the Roman Villas of Balaton Upland’, Óbuda University e-Bulletin 8, no. 2 (2018): 39–46.
3. О Венгерской низменности см. János Tokai, ‘Római császárkori erődrendszer a Barbaricumban’, Tisicum. A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 15 (2006): 69–75; László Selmeczi, ‘Ördögárok mondái Biharban’, A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve 2000–2001, Debrecen 2001, 183–190.
4. Tacitus, Germania, 33, trans. H. Mattingly and J. B. Rives (London, 2009), 50.
5. Tacitus, Histories, 1.79, trans. C. H. Moore, Histories, vol. 2 (London and New York, 1925), 133; об «орде разбойников» см. K. W. Arafat, Pausanias’ Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers (Cambridge, 1996), 190.
6. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 16.6, trans. J. Healey (London, 1991), 207; Zoë M. Tan, ‘Subversive Geography in Tacitus’ Germania’, Journal of Roman Studies 104 (2014): 181–204.
7. О ранних германских языках см. Peter von Polenz, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 10th ed. (Berlin and New York, 2009), 1–30.
8. K. S. Painter, ‘Booty from a Roman Villa Found in the Rhine’, Minerva 5, no. 1 (1994): 22–27.
9. E. A. Thompson, The Huns (Oxford, 1948), 24–29.
10. Jan den Boeft et al., eds., Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXXI (Leiden and Boston, 2018), 11–29.
11. Herwig Wolfram, The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1997), 88–89.
12. MGH Auct. Ant. 9, 475.
13. The Gothic History of Jordanes, trans. C. C. Mierow (Princeton, 1915), 102; Leopold Kretzenbacher, Kynokephale Dämonen sudosteuropäischer Volksdichtung (Munich, 1968), 21, 34. См. также Monika Kropej, Supernatural Beings from Slovenian Myth and Folk Tales (Ljubljana, 2012), 202.
14. E. A. Thompson, The Huns (Oxford, 1948), 148–149.
15. О правлении гуннов см. Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe (Cambridge, 2013), особенно 17–42.
16. «Нет больше стай птиц»: см. Michael P. McHugh, The Carmen de Providentia Dei Attributed to Prosper of Aquitaine (Washington, DC, 1964), 261. См. также Helmut Bender, ‘Archaeological Perspectives on Rural Settlement in Late Antiquity in the Rhine and Danube’, in Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity, ed. Thomas S. Burns and J. W. Eadie (East Lansing, 2001), 185–198.
17. Martyn Rady, ‘Recollecting Attila: Some Medieval Hungarian Images and Their Antecedents’, Central Europe 1, no. 1 (2003): 5–17; Martyn Rady, ‘Attila and the Hun Tradition in Hungarian Medieval Texts’, in Studies on the Illuminated Chronicle, ed. J. M. Bak and L. Veszprémy (Budapest, 2018), 127–138; о легенде о Вальтере и ее польской версии см. Marion Dexter Learned, ‘Origin and Development of the Walther Saga’, Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association 7, no. 1 (1892): 131–195.
1. Наилучшим введением в арианскую теологию является эта работа: John Henry Cardinal Newman, The Arians of the Fourth Century (London, 1908), 201–235 (first published in 1833). Quotation from P. Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series, vol. 3 (New York, 2007), 97.
2. О раннем арианском влиянии на Центральную Европу см. Herwig Wolfram, ‘Vulfila, Bishop and Secular Leader’, in Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed, ed. G. M. Berndt and R. Steinacher (London and New York, 2016), 131–144 (143); Edit B. Thomas, ‘Arius-Darstellung. Eine römerzeitliche Ziegelritzeichnung aus Kisdorog in Pannonien’, A Szekszárdi Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve, nos. 4–5 (1975): 77–116.
3. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), 17–36.
4. Wolfgang H. Fritze, ‘Universalis gentium confessio. Formeln, Träger und Wege universalmissionarischen Denkens im 7. Jahrhundert’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 3 (1969): 78–130 (96); Kuno Meyer, Selections from Ancient Irish Poetry, 2nd ed. (London, 1913), 51.
5. О «не устраивали служб» см. Ferdinand Lot, The End of the Ancient World and the Beginning of the Middle Ages (New York, 1961), 354–356; J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Long-Haired Kings (Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1982), 195, 209.
6. MGH SS 1, 64.
7. ‘Royal Frankish Annals’, sub 749, представлено в Carolingian Chronicles, trans. B. W. Scholz (Ann Arbor, 1972), 39; Florence Close, ‘Le sacre de Pépin de 751? Coulisses d’un coup d’État’, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 85, nos. 3–4 (2007): 835–852.
8. MGH SS 1, 11.
9. Urkundenbuch der Abtei Sanct Gallen, ed. H. Wartmann, vol. 1 (Zurich, 1863), 2–10, 37, 42, 47, 69, etc.
10. О происхождении имени Карла Великого см. Alessandro Barbero, Charlemagne: Father of a Continent (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2004), 413; as a military genius, Bernard S. Bachrach, Charlemagne’s Early Campaigns (768–777) (Leiden, 2013), 99.
11. Цитируется из MGH SS 30. 2, 794; for enslavement, see MGH SS 1, 37. См. также Richard Hodges, ‘Charlemagne’s Elephant’, History Today, December 2000, 21–27.
12. MGH Capit. 1, 145–146; Janet L. Nelson, King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne (London, 2019), 291; Thomas Haye, Päpste und Poeten. Die mittelalterliche Kurie als Objekt und Förderer panegyrisher Dichtung (Berlin and New York, 2009), 120.
13. MGH SS 1, 45.
14. Walter Ullmann, The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship (London, 1969), 7, 22.
15. Henry Mayr-Harting, ‘Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800’, English Historical Review 111, no. 444 (1996): 1113–1133.
16. Ernst Tremp et al., The Abbey Library of St Gall (St Gallen, 2020), 15.
17. О «грызло» см. MGH Poetae 2, 271; see further, Jennifer M. Feltman, ‘Charlemagne’s Sin, the Last Judgment, and the New Theology of Penance at Chartres’, Studies in Iconography 35 (2014): 121–164; Janet L. Nelson, ‘Women at the Court of Charlemagne: A Case of Monstrous Regiment?’, in Nelson, The Frankish World, 750–900 (London, 1992), 223–242; Johannes Fried, Charlemagne (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2016), 515.
1. О Франкохорионе см. György Györffy, ‘Das Güterverzeichnis des griechischen Klosters Szávaszentdemeter (Sremska Mitrovica) aus dem 12. Jahrhundert’, Studia Slavica 5 (1959): 9–74 (10–14); Gyula Moravcsik, Az Árpád-kori magyar történet bizánci forrásai, 2nd ed. (Budapest, 1988), 168.
2. C. Mierow, ed., The Gothic History of Jordanes (Princeton, 1915), 59.
3. M. Mielnik-Sikorska et al., ‘The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences’, PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–11.
4. Angus Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD (Oxford, 2007), 232.
5. Martyn Rady, ‘The Slavs, Avars and Hungarians’, in The Cambridge History of War, ed. D. A. Graff and A. Curry, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2020), 133–150 (139–140).
6. The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar, ed. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (London and Edinburgh, 1960), 39–40.
7. Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: Two Lives of Charlemagne, trans. D. Ganz (London, 2008), 27, 87; The Russian Primary Chronicle, ed. and trans. S. H. Cross (Cambridge, MA, 1930), 141.
8. Об управлении людьми см. Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. 3 (Oxford, 1934), 22; Helen D. Donoghue et al., ‘A Migration-Driven Model for the Historical Spread of Leprosy in Medieval Eastern and Central Europe’, Infection, Genetics and Evolution 31 (2015): 250–256; Jesper L. Boldsen, ‘Leprosy in the Early Medieval Lauchheim Community’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135 (2008): 301–310.
9. Об аварском происхождении сокровищ см. Falko Daim et al., eds., Der Goldschatz von Sânnicolau Mare (Mainz, 2015).
10. Carolingian Chronicles, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz (Ann Arbor, 1972), 111–122; György Dénes, ‘A bolgárok hódításai és telepítései a Kárpát-medencében a magyar honfoglalás előtt’, in Néprajz-Muzeológia, ed. A. Tóth (Miskolc, 2012), 52–64 (57–58).
11. Erwin Herrmann, Slawisch-germanische Beziehungen im südostdeutschen Raum (Munich, 1965), 219–221.
12. Marvin Kantor, Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes (Ann Arbor, 1983), 65, 111.
13. Kantor, Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes, 65.
14. Eric J. Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876 (Ithaca and London, 2006), 286–288.
15. О глаголице в Хорватии см. Julia Verkholantsev, The Slavic Letters of St. Jerome (DeKalb, IL, 2014), 34–62.
16. О «людях иного языка» см. Anthony Kaldellis, Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Cambridge and New York: 2007), 357.
1. Norbert Kersken, ‘Nationale Geschichtsschreibung im östlichen Mitteleuropa’, Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica 4 (1995): 148–170.
2. ‘Nithard’s Histories’, 3 (830), in Carolingian Chronicles, ed. Bernhard Walter Scholz (Ann Arbor, 1972), 131.
3. Rudolf Schieffer, ‘Ludwig der Fromme. Zur Entstehung eines karolingischen Herrscherbeinamens’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 16, no. 1 (1982): 58–73; Courtney M. Booker, Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians (Philadelphia, 2009), 50.
4. Латинский текст в Courtney M. Booker, ‘The Public Penance of Louis the Pious’, Viator 39, no. 2 (2008): 1–20 (18).
5. О разрезании империи см. ‘Nithard’s Histories’, 7 (839), в Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, 139.
6. C. A. Macartney, The Magyars in the Ninth Century (Cambridge, 1930), 71.
7. Peter B. Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Uralic Peoples (Wiesbaden, 1992), 258–260.
8. Péter Király, ‘A magyarok népneve a történeti forrásokban és a szomszédos népek névhasználatában’, Életünk 35, no. 1 (1997): 94–127 (114–115).
9. S. MacLean, ed., History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg (Manchester and New York, 2009), 232.
10. Archdeacon Thomas of Split, History of the Bishops of Salona and Split, ed. D. Karbić et al. (Budapest and New York, 2006), 63; MGH SS 1, 54, 77. См. также Timothy Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056 (London and New York, 1991), 128.
11. О характере Генриха см. Widukind of Corvey, Deeds of the Saxons, ed. B. S. Bachrach and D. Bachrach (Washington, DC, 2014), 57–58 (1.39).
12. Liudprand of Cremona, The Embassy to Constantinople, 10 (1.5); Márton Tősér, ‘Az arkadiopolisi csata – az utolsó kalandozó hadjárat, 970’, Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 117, no. 2 (2004): 595–611.
13. Andrzej Buko, The Archaeology of Early Medieval Poland (Leiden and Boston, 2008), 195–196.
14. Michael McCormick, ‘New Light on the “Dark Ages”: How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy’, Past and Present 177 (2002): 17–54 (44).
15. Quellen zur deutschen Volkskunde, ed. V. von Geramb and L. Mackensen, vol. 1 (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), 12. О Польше см. Marek Jankowiak, ‘Dirhams for Slaves. Investigating the Slavic Slave Trade in the Tenth Century’ (paper delivered to the Medieval Seminar, All Souls College, 27 February 2012).
16. Michael McCormick, Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300–900 (Cambridge, 2001), 763; Alice Rio, Slavery After Rome, 500–1100 (Oxford, 2017), 105n100.
17. Undine Ott, ‘Europas Sklavinnen und Sklaven im Mittelalter’, WerkstattGeschichte, nos. 66–67 (2014): 31–53 (49); Mateusz Bogucki, ‘Forged Coins in Early Medieval Poland’, Polish Numismatic News 8 (2009): 209–236.
18. Adelbert Davids, ed., The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium (Cambridge, 1995), 54–55.
19. Andreas Ranft, ed., Der Hoftag in Quedlinburg 973. Von den historischen Wurzeln zum Neuen Europa (Berlin, 2006), 4–5, 21, 24.
20. Gerd Althoff, Otto III (University Park, PA, 2003), 105, 125.
21. György Györffy, István király és műve (Budapest, 1977), 137; о византийском религиозном влиянии на Венгрию см. Gyula Moravcsik, ‘The Role of the Byzantine Church in Medieval Hungary’, American Slavic and East European Review 6, nos. 3–4 (1947): 134–151; о захоронении заживо см. любопытное заключение Anonymus Chronicle (c. 1200), представленное в Martyn Rady, ‘The Gesta Hungarorum of Anonymus, the Anonymous Notary of King Béla: A Translation’, SEER 87, no. 4 (2009): 681–727 (727).
1. David Bachrach, ‘Toward an Appraisal of the Wealth of the Ottonian Kings of Germany, 919–1024’, Viator 44, no. 2 (2013): 1–28.
2. MGH Const. 1, 632–633; MGH SS 16, 347.
3. Claudia Moddelmog, ‘Stiftung oder Eigenkirche? Der Umgang mit Forschungskonzepten und die sächsischen Frauenklöster im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert’, in Gestiftete Zukunft im mittelalterlichen Europa, ed. W. Huschner and F. Rexroth (Berlin, 2008), 215–243.
4. О «множестве жутких актов прелюбодеяния» см. MGH Ldl. 1, 584; о церквях см. Susan Wood, The Proprietary Church in the West (Oxford, 2006), 855.
5. См. Hans Delbrück, Ueber die Glaubwürdigkeit Lamberts von Hersfeld (Cologne, 1873).
6. Anon., ‘Life of the Emperor Henry IV’, 7, представлено в Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century, ed. Theodore E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison (New York, 2000), 117; I. S. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 (Cambridge, 2000), 230–231.
7. Eike von Repgow, The Saxon Mirror, ed. Maria Dobozy (Philadelphia, 1999), 133 (III. 65).
8. Wilhelm Kohl, Das Bistum Münster (Germania Sacra 37, no. 1) (Berlin and New York, 1999), 394–395.
9. John B. Freed, ‘The Origins of the European Nobility: The Problem of the Ministerials’, Viator 7 (1976): 211–241.
10. John B. Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (New Haven and London, 2016), 100.
11. Len Scales, The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 (Cambridge, 2012), 234.
12. См. сайт EBIDAT – Die Burgendatenbank (www.ebidat.de/ebidat.html).
13. MGH SS rer. Germ. 33, 60; Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (London and Basingstoke, 1980), 17.
14. Helmold of Bosau, The Chronicle of the Slavs, ed. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1966), 45–49; Dmitrij Mishin, ‘Ibrahim Ibn-Ya’qub At-Turtushi’s Account of the Slavs from the Middle of the Tenth Century’, Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 25 (2019): 184–199. О собаках-померанцах см. Hans Räber, Enzyklopädie der Rassenhunde, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 2001), 514–515.
15. P. F. Kehr, Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg, vol. 1 (Halle, 1899), 75–77. См. также Mihai Dragnea, ‘Crusade and Colonization in the Wendish Territories in the Early Twelfth Century: An Analysis of the So-Called Magdeburg Letter of 1108’, Mediaevalia 42 (2021): 41–61.
16. MGH SS 12, 850; Robert Bartlett, ‘The Conversion of a Pagan Society in the Middle Ages’, History 70, no. 229 (1985): 185–201.
17. Wincenty Kadłubek, De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum, ed. A. Mułkowski (Cracow, 1864), 208.
18. О титуле Альбрехта см. Lutz Partenheimer, Albrecht der Bär. Gründer der Mark Brandenburg und des Fürstentums Anhalt, 2nd ed. (Potsdam, 2016), 130, 307. О дворянах на службе Альбрехта см. O. Von Heinemann, Albrecht der Bär. Eine quellenmassige Darstellung seines Lebens (Darmstadt, 1864), 224–226; о численности населения см. Charles Higounet, Les Allemands en Europe centrale et orientale au Moyen Age (Paris, 1989), 105–106.
19. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle of the Slavs, 236.
20. Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns (Rostock, 2008), 17–18.
1. Cosmas of Prague, The Chronicle of the Czechs, ed. János M. Bak and Pavlína Rychterová (Budapest and New York, 2020), 181–183 (bk. 2, chap. 10); D. Kunčer, ed., Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis (Belgrade, 2013), 133–148.
2. Kunčer, Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis, 139, 146, 148; C. C. Mierow, ed., The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising (New York, 1953), 66, 175; G. W. Leibnitz, Alberici monachi Trium fontium Chronicon (Leipzig, 1698), 556.
3. Balázs Nagy, ‘The Towns of Medieval Hungary in the Reports of Foreign Travellers’, in Segregation – Integration – Assimilation: Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe, ed. D. Keene et al. (Farnham and Burlington, VT, 2009), 169–178.
4. C. C. Mierow, ed., The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising (New York, 1953), 67. См. также MGH Ldl. 3, 463.
5. Cosmas of Prague, Chronicle of the Czechs, 27 (bk. 1, chap. 5); Eduard Mühle, Die Piasten. Polen im Mittelalter (Munich, 2011), 59.
6. Christian Lübke, Arbeit und Wirtschaft im östlichen Mitteleuropa. Die Spezialisierung menschlicher Tätigkeit im Spiegel der hochmittelalterlichen Toponomie in den Herrschaftsgebieten von Piasten, Premysliden und Arpaden (Stuttgart, 1991), 9. О Германских землях см. Bruno Krüger, Die Kietzsiedlungen im nördlichen Mitteleuropa (Berlin 1962).
7. S. A. M. Adshead, Central Asia in World History (Basingstoke and New York, 1993), 61.
8. Об английском конвое см. Gabriel Ronay, The Tartar Khan’s Englishman (London, 1978).
9. Martyn Rady, ‘The Mongol Invasion of Hungary’, Medieval World, November/December 1991, 39–46.
10. MGH SS 17, 394. Воспоминания современника о монголо-татарской оккупации см. в Anonymus and Master Roger, ed. J. M. Bak, M. Rady, and L. Veszprémy (Budapest and New York, 2010), 132–228. О свидетельствах разрушений см. Mária Vargha, ‘Traces of Destruction: The Archaeological Remains of the Mongol Invasion of Hungary’, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 52 (2017): 235–258; József Laszlovszky et al., ‘Contextualizing the Mongol Invasion of Hungary in 1241–42’, Hungarian Historical Review 7, no. 3 (2018): 419–450.
11. Martyn Rady, Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary (Basingstoke and New York, 2000), 28.
12. Martyn Rady, ‘The Title of New Donation in Medieval Hungarian Law’, SEER 79, no. 4 (2001): 638–652.
13. J. F. Willems, ed., Oude Vlaemsche Liederen (Ghent, 1848), 35–37.
14. О Польше и «Черной смерти» см. Ole J. Benedictow, The Complete History of the Black Death (Woodbridge, 2021), 585–603.
15. Martyn Rady, ‘The German Settlement in Central and Eastern Europe During the High Middle Ages’, in The German Lands and Eastern Europe, ed. Roger Bartlett and Karen Schönwälder (Basingstoke and New York, 1999), 11–47.
16. Karl Lachmann, Die Gedichte Walthers von der Vogelweide, 8th ed. (Berlin, 1923), 37. See also Edwin H. Zeydel, Ruodlieb: The Earliest Courtly Novel (Chapel Hill, 1959), 27.
17. Benedykt Zientara, ‘Die deutschen Einwanderer in Polen vom 12. biszum 14. Jahrhundert’, Vorträge und Forschungen 18 (1975): 333–348.
18. 18. Zoltán Tóth, ‘La boucle de Kigyóspuszta’, Archaeológiai Értesítő 71 (1943): 174–184, and plate 32.
1. О падении династий см. Martyn Rady, ‘Foreword’, in Social and Political Elites in Eastern and Central Europe (15th–18th Centuries), ed. C. Luca et al. (London, 2015), ix – xv (xi).
2. MGH SS 25, 350; H. Pabst, Annalen und Chronik von Kolmar (Berlin, 1867), x.
3. Armin Wolf, Die Entstehung des Kurfürstenkollegs 1198–1298 (Idstein, 1998), 50–54.
4. Barbara Reynolds, Dante: The Poet, the Thinker, the Man (London and New York, 2006), 234–242.
5. Из Dante, Paradiso, 30.137, in The Divine Comedy, ed. R. Kirkpatrick (London, 2012), 467.
6. Jürgen Dendorfer, ‘Der König von Böhmen als Vasall des Reiches?’, in Friedrich Barbarossa in den Nationalgeschichten Deutschlands und Ostmitteleuropas, ed. K. Görich and M. Wihoda (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2017), 229–284 (232–246); Volker Press, ‘Böhmen und das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit’, Bohemia 35, no. 1 (1994): 63–74.
7. Jean Froissart, Chronicles, ed. G. Brereton (London, 1978), 89–90; Fontes rerum Bohemicarum, J. Emler, vol. 4 (Prague, 1884), 514 (Beneš of Weitmil).
8. David Charles Mengel, ‘Bones, Stones, and Brothels: Religion and Topography in Prague Under Emperor Charles IV (1346–78)’ (PhD thesis, Notre Dame, IN, 2003), 267–324.
9. Julia Verkholantsev, The Slavic Letters of St Jerome: The History of the Legend and Its Legacy (DeKalb, IL, 2014), 78–79.
10. G. Dobner, ed., Monumenta Historica Boemiae, vol. 2 (Prague, 1768), 79–282.
11. Текст Золотой буллы 1356 года представлен в переводе на английский в A Source Book for Mediaeval History, ed. O. J. Thatcher and E. H. McNeal (New York, 1905), 284–298.
12. Hans Hubert Hofmann, ‘Karl IV. und die politische Landbrücke von Prag nach Frankfurt am Main’, in Zwischen Frankfurt und Prag (Munich, 1963), 51–74. О списке Карла см. Eberhard von Holtz, Itinerar Kaiser Karls IV (1346–1378) (Berlin, 2013), http://www.regesta-imperii.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/ri_viii_itinerar.pdf.
13. Len Scales, ‘Wenceslas Looks Out: Monarchy, Locality, and the Symbolism of Power in Fourteenth-Century Bavaria’, Central European History 52 (2019): 179–210.
14. Paul Crossley and Zoë Opačić, ‘Prague as a New Capital’, in Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437, ed. B. Boehm and J. Fajt (New Haven and London, 2005), 59–73.
15. Eleanor Janega, ‘Jan Milíč of Kroměříž and Emperor Charles IV: Preaching, Power, and the Church of Prague’ (PhD thesis, University College London, 2015), 71–72.
16. I. Hlaváček and Z. Hledíková, eds., Protocollum visitationis archidiaconatus Pragensisannis 1379–1382 (Prague, 1973), рассматривается в Eleanor Janega, ‘Suspect Women: Prostitution, Reputation, and Gossip in Fourteenth-century Prague’, in Same Bodies, Different Women: ‘Other’ Women in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, ed. C. Mielke and A. Znorovszky (Budapest, 2018), 40–69.
17. Mengel, ‘Bones, Stones, and Brothels’, 211–262.
18. Eleanor Janega, ‘Jan Milíč of Kroměříž and Emperor Charles IV: Preaching, Power, and the Church of Prague’ (PhD thesis, University College London, 2015), 8–63.
19. О чумных ямах см. Mark Whelan, ‘From Chronicles to Plague Columns: The Black Death in Bohemia’, The Friends of Czech Heritage Newsletter 23 (2020): 7–9.
20. Jan Hus, De Ecclesia. The Church, ed. D. S. Schaff (New York, 1915), 140–141; Pavlína Cermanová, ‘Constructing the Apocalypse: Connections Between English and Bohemian Apocalyptic Thinking’, in Europe After Wyclif, ed. J. P. Hornbeck and M. Van Dussen (New York, 2017), 66–88.
21. RTA, 3 (Munich, 1877), 255–264 (in German and Latin versions); Maria E. Dorninger, ‘Liebe und Erotik in mittelalterlichen Handschriften. Geschichten und Bilder (in) der Bibel’, in Liebe und Erotik im Mittelalter, ed. Ulrich Müller (Salzburg, 2006), 4–27, online resource.
22. David Short, ‘The Broader Czech (and Slovak) Contribution to the English Lexicon’, Central Europe 1, no. 1 (2003): 19–39 (20); Thomas A. Fudge, ‘Žižka’s Drum: The Political Uses of Popular Religion’, Central European History 36, no. 4 (2003): 546–469.
23. Franz Machilek, ‘Hus und die Hussiten in Franken’, Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung 51 (1991): 15–37; Ferdinand Seibt, ‘Hus und wir Deutschen’, Kirche im Osten 13 (1970): 74–103 (79–82); Martyn Rady, ‘Jiskra, Hussitism and Slovakia’, in Confession and Nation in the Era of Reformations, ed. E. Doležalová and J. Pánek (Prague, 2011), 77–90 (87–89); Rebecca Haynes, Moldova: A History (London, 2020), 24–25.
24. Alexandra Kaar, ‘Embargoing “Heretics” in Fifteenth-Century Central Europe: The Case of Hussite Bohemia’, Journal of Medieval History 46, no. 4 (2020): 478–497.
1. Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Polonias illustrantia, vol. 1 (Cracow, 1874), 56, 73, 61, 86, 107, etc.
2. Cosmas of Prague, The Chronicle of the Czechs, ed. J. M. Bak and P. Rychterová (Budapest and New York, 2020), 179 (2.8).
3. Urkunden-Buch des Landes ob der Enns, vol. 2 (Vienna, 1856), 399–401.
4. Цитата из MGH Const. 2, 609; for Bohemia, see H. Jireček, Svod Zákonův Slovanských (Prague, 1880), 488–492; о Венгрии см. DRMH, 1, 158–171; о Баварии см. Karl Bosl, ‘Aus den Anfängen der Landständischen Alex Cullina, Hachette Book Group Bewegung und Verfassung. Der Vilshofener Vertrag von 1293’, in Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, ed. Wilhelm Abel et al. (Stuttgart, 1966), 8–27; о Тироле см. Hannes Obermaier, ‘Tiroler Landrecht’, in Eines Fürsten Traum. Meinhard II. – Das Werden Tirols (Dorf Tirol and Innsbruck, 1995), 131–133. О «Постановлении в пользу князей» см. MGH Const. 2, 211–213, 418–420.
5. MGH Const. 2, 420; The Liber Augustalis or Constitutions of Melfi, ed. J. M. Powell (New York, 1971), 11.
6. MGH Const. 3, 50; MGH LL 2, 341.
7. Цитата из RTA, 1, 34.
8. Marty Rady, ‘Hungary and the Golden Bull of 1222’, Banatica 24, no. 2 (2014): 87–108.
9. О Польше см. Maurice Michael, ed., The Annals of Jan Długosz (Chichester, 1997), 510–511 (1452); о насилии в Венгрии см. Codex epistolaris saeculi decimi quinti, ed. Anatol Lewicki, vol. 3 (Cracow, 1894), 158; о епископах см. Heinrich Schoppmeyer, ‘Die Entstehung der Landstände im Hochstift Paderborn’, Westfälische Zeitschrift 136 (1986): 249–310 (266).
10. О крестьянском участии см. F. L. Carsten, Princes and Parliaments in Germany: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1959), 424–425. О городах см. Gabriele Annas, Hoftag, Gemeiner Tag, Reichstag. Studien zur strukturellen Entwicklung deutscher Reichsversammlungen des späten Mittelalters, vol. 1 (Göttingen, 2004), 93–94.
11. Peter Štih, The Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic (Leiden and Boston, 2010), 380–407.
12. Christopher Nicholson, ‘The Bohemian Diet in the Jagiellonian Period (1471–1526)’, in Between Worlds: The Age of the Jagiellonians, ed. Florin Ardelean et al. (Frankfurt, 2013), 140–156; Martyn Rady, ‘Rethinking Jagiełło Hungary’, Central Europe 3, no. 1 (2005): 3–18; Michael, Annals of Jan Długosz, 529.
13. RTA, 2, 452; RTA, 9, 599–603; Annas, Hoftag, Gemeiner Tag, Reichstag, 1: 165–167.
14. О членстве в импераском парламенте в 1521 году см. Karl Zeumer, Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit, 2nd ed. (Tübingen, 1913), 313–317.
15. Eberhard Isenmann, Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter 1150–1550, 2nd ed. (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2014), 310–311; Beat Kümin, ‘Rural Autonomy and Popular Politics in Imperial Villages’, German History 33, no. 2 (2015): 194–213.
16. Anna Sucheni-Grabowska, ‘The Origin and Development of the Polish Parliamentary System’, in Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland, ed. Samuel Fiszman (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1997), 13–50.
17. Kenneth J. Dillon, King and Estates in the Bohemian Lands 1526–1564 (Brussels, 1976), 21.
18. Julia Burkhardt, ‘Procedure, Rules and Meaning of Political Assemblies in Late Medieval Central Europe’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation 35, no. 2 (2015): 153–170.
19. Stephen Werbőczy, Tripartitum (1517), 1. 3. 6 (DRMH, 5, 51).
20. Jan Łaski, Commune incliti Poloniae privilegium (Cracow, 1506). О путанице в законах см. Jan Herburt de Fulstein, Statuta Regni Poloniae in ordinem alphabeti digesta (Zamość, 1597), praefatio (без стр.).
1. John Watts, The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500 (Cambridge, 2009).
2. Приводится в Karl Mollay, ed., Das Ofner Stadtrecht. Eine deutschsprachige Rechtssammlung des 15. Jahrhundert aus Ungarn (Budapest, 1959), 67.
3. Dagmer M. H. Hemmie, Ungeordnete Unzucht. Prostitution im Hanseraum (12. —16. Jahrhundert) (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2007), 157.
4. Eberhard Isenmann, Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter 1150–1550, 2nd ed. (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2014), 314–326. Приводится в Julius Weizsäcker, Der Rheinische Bund 1254 (Tübingen, 1879), 139.
5. О распространении магдебургского права в Центральной Европе см. интерактивный вебсайт Das Magdeburger Recht. Baustein des modernen Europa на Magdeburg-law.com.
6. Ulrich Falk, ‘Der Wald der Konsilien. Rechtsgutachten in der Gerichtspraxis der frühen Neuzeit’, Rechtshistorisches Journal 20 (2001): 290–310.
7. Приводится в Thomas Maissen, Geschichte der Schweiz (Baden/Schweiz, 2010), 30.
8. Приводится в Sammlung Schweizerischer Rechtsquellen, series 3: Luzern, vol. 2.2, Vogtei Willisau, ed. August Bickel (Basle, 2002), 73.
9. George Cushing, ‘Hungarian Cultural Traditions in Transylvania’, in Historians and the History of Transylvania, ed. László Péter (Boulder and New York, 1992), 113–131.
10. О православном населении см. Ioan-Aurel Pop, ‘De manibus Vallacorum scismaticorum’: Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary (Frankfurt a/M, 2013), 389–391.
11. Ştefan Pascu, Voievodatul Transilvaniei, vol. 3 (Cluj-Napoca, 1986), 553.
12. György Székely, ‘Huszitizmus és a magyar nép’, Századok 90 (1956): 331–367 (332–335, 341–343).
13. Henrik Marczali, A magyar történet kútfőinek kézikönyve (Budapest, 1902), 271.
14. Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg, Die Verfassung des Grossfürstenthums Siebenbürgen (Vienna, 1844), 21–26. См также Martyn Rady, ‘Voivode and Regnum: Transylvania’s Place in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary’, in Historians and the History of Transylvania, ed. László Péter (Boulder and New York, 1992), 87–101.
15. W. J. Buma and W. Ebel, eds., Das Fivelgoer Recht (Göttingen, 1972), 75–135; MGH Fontes iuris 12 (Lex Frisionum), 65–98; о мумифицированных трупах см. Thomas de Cantimpré, Bonum Universale de apibus (Douai, 1627), 120.
16. Johannes A. Mol, ‘Gallows in Late Medieval Frisia’, Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 64, no. 1 (2007): 263–297.
17. Henry Koehn, Sylt. Ein Führer durch die Inselwelt, 5th ed. (Berlin and New York, 1975), 68; о фризской «наглости» в отказе платить имперский налог см. Rolf H. Bremmer, An Introduction to Old Frisian (Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA, 2009), 143.
18. Oebele Vries, ‘Das Friesische im Mittelalter’, in Handbook of Frisian Studies, ed. H. H. Munske (Tübingen, 2001), 538–550.
19. Peter Blickle, Kommunalismus. Skizzen einer gesellschaftlichen Organisationsform, vol. 2 (Munich, 2000), 71–85.
20. Clemens Bergstedt et al., Die Mark Brandenburg im späten Mittelalter (Berlin, 2011), 293.
21. Adolf Stölzel, Die Entwicklung der gelehrten Rechtsprechung, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1901), 503; Fritz Kern, Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages (Clark, NJ, 2005), 179 (first published in 1956).
22. Walther Maas, ‘Zur Entwicklung der polnischen Agrarstruktur vom 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert’, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 20, nos. 3–4 (1928): 490–498.
23. Ladislas Reymont, The Peasants: Autumn (New York, 1925), 58; Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Communities and the “Second Serfdom” in Early Modern Bohemia’, Past and Present 187 (2005): 69–119 (111–112).
24. ‘… ne muge a bethe ni a bedde, a uidse ni a ueine, a uueie ni a uuetere ni a glede ise, a huse ni a godeshuse, bi fiure ni bi sinre wiuue wesa.’ Приводится в Rolf H. Bremmer, ‘The Orality of Old Frisian Law Texts’, Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 73, no. 1 (2014): 1–48 (12).
25. Thomas S. B. Johnston, ‘The Old Frisian Law Manuscripts and Texts’, in Handbook of Frisian Studies, ed. Horst Haide Munske (Tübingen, 2001), 571–587.
26. Martyn Rady, ‘Core and Periphery: Eastern Europe’, in National Histories and European History, ed. Mary Fulbrook (London, 1993), 163–182 (168–170).
27. Hermann Wiessner, Sachinhalt und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Weistümer im Deutschen Kulturgebiet (Baden and Vienna, 1934), 45.
28. Edgar Melton, ‘Gutsherrschaft in East Elbian Germany and Livonia, 1500–1800’, Central European History 21, no. 4 (1988): 315–349.
1. Иллюстрации чешского манускрипта находятся в Британской библиотеке (Add. MS 24189) и доступны онлайн. См. www.bl.uk/manuscripts/.
2. Alan V. Murray, ‘The Saracens of the Baltic: Pagan and Christian Lithuanians in the Perception of English and French Crusaders to Late Medieval Prussia’, Journal of Baltic Studies 41, no. 4 (2010): 413–429.
3. Maciej Miechowita (Matthias de Mechow), Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis (Cracow, 1518, unpaginated), 2. 1. 3; о каннибализме см. K. Höhl-Hachette baum, ed., Die jüngere livländische Reimchronik (Leipzig, 1872), 1–2.
4. Jos Schaeken, ‘Observations on the Old Prussian Basel Epigram’, International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 44–45 (2002–2003): 331–342.
5. M. Fischer, ed., The Chronicle of Prussia by Nicolaus von Jeroschin (London and New York, 2010), 63. См. также Christopher Hartknoch, Dissertationes Historicae de variis rebus Prussicis (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1679), 109–179.
6. J. A. Brundage, ed., The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (New York, 2003), 91–92.
7. Andreas Lorck, Hermann von Salza. Sein Itinerar (Kiel, 1880).
8. Harald Zimmermann, Der Deutsche Orden in Siebenbürgen, 2nd ed. (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2011), 191.
9. RI V, 1, 1n1598.
10. Gregory Leighton, ‘Did the Teutonic Order Create a Sacred Landscape in Thirteenth-Century Prussia?’, Journal of Medieval History 44, no. 4 (2018): 457–483.
11. Seweryn Szczepański, ‘Old Prussian “Baba” Stones: An Overview of the History of Research and Reception’, Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 10 (2015): 313–363; Anon., Gottesidee und Cultus bei den alten Preussen (Berlin, 1870), 71.
12. S. C. Rowell, ‘Unexpected Contacts: Lithuanians at Western Courts, c. 1316-c. 1400’, English Historical Review 111, no. 442 (1996): 557–577 (564).
13. Werner Paravicini, Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels, vol. 1 (Sigmaringen, 1989), 147–150.
14. Hartmut Kugler, ‘Die Livländische Reimchronik des 13. Jahrhunderts’, Latvijas Zinâtòu Akadçmijas Vçstis 9 (1993): 22–30 (25); Jürgen Wolf, ‘König Artus in Preussenland’, in Neue Studien zur Literatur im Deutschen Orden, ed. A. Mentzel-Reuters and B. Jähnig (Stuttgart, 2014), 79–92.
15. Lucy Toulmin Smith, ed., Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land Made by Henry Earl of Derby (London, 1894). См. также F. R. H. Du Boulay, ‘Henry of Derby’s Expeditions to Prussia’, in The Reign of Richard II, ed. Du Boulay and C. M. Barron (London, 1971), 153–172.
16. ‘They stood five weeks’: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, ed. T. Hirsch et al., vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1863), 643.
17. Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, ed. T. Hirsch et al., vol. 3 (Leipzig, 1866), 448.
18. Преступления, совершенные рыцарями, подробно представлены в Lites ac res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum, vol. 1, ed. T. Działyński (Poznań, 1855).
19. Maurice Michael, ed., The Annals of Jan Długosz (Chichester, 1997), 347.
20. Michael, Annals of Jan Długosz, 467.
21. Paul Srodecki, ‘Der Traktatenstreit zwischen dem Deutschen Orden und dem Königreich Polen auf dem Konstanzer Konzil’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 109 (2015): 47–65 (60).
22. Nora Berend, At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and ‘Pagans’ in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300 (Cambridge, 2001), 163–171; Paul Srodecki, ‘The Use of the “Christian Outpost”: Propaganda to Legitimise the Conquest of Galicia-Volhynia Under the Two Last Piast Kings of Poland, 1323–1370’, Colloquia Russica 2 (2012): 114–119.
23. Paul Srodecki, ‘Der Traktatenstreit zwischen dem Deutschen Orden und dem Königreich Polen auf dem Konstanzer Konzil’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 109 (2015): 47–65 (54, 60).
24. Janusz Tazbir, ‘From Antemurale to Przedmurze, the History of the Term’, Odrodzenie i reformacja w Polsce 61, no. 2 (2017): 67–87.
25. Joannis Długosz Senioris Opera Omnia, ed. A Przezdziecki, vol. 14 (Cracow, 1878), 360 (Annales, 12:1462); The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1523 to 1524, ed. R. A. B. Mynors and A. Dalzell (Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1992), 104; Niccolò Machiavelli, The Discourses, 2. 8, ed. B. Crick (London, 2003), 297–298.
26. Andreas Angyal, Die slawische Barockwelt (Leipzig, 1961), 70; Stephen Werbőczy, Tripartitum, Serenissimo principi (DRMH 5, 12–13).
1. Peter Spufford, Handbook of Medieval Exchange (London, 1986), xxxvi; Joseph A. Amato, On Foot: A History of Walking (New York, 2004), 42–71.
2. Marcus Pitcaithly, ‘Piracy and Anglo-Hanseatic Relations, 1385–1420’, in Roles of the Sea in Medieval England, ed. R. Gorski (Woodbridge, 2012), 125–145; David K. Bjork, ‘Piracy in the Baltic, 1375–1398’, Speculum 18, no. 1 (1943): 39–68.
3. Johannes Müller, ‘Das spätmittelalterliche Strassen- und Transportwesen der Schweiz und Tirols’, Geographische Zeitschrift 11, no. 3 (1905): 145–162; Magdolna Szilágyi, ‘Medieval Roads in Transdanubia’, Hungarian Archaeology, Summer 2012, www.academia.edu/2489482/Medieval_Roads_in_Transdanubia._The_Methods_and_Potentials_of_their_Historical_and_Archaeological_Investigations.
4. Sándor Takáts, ‘A magyar malom’, Századok 41 (1907): 150.
5. Eberhard Isenmann, Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter 1150–1550, 2nd ed. (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2014), 774.
6. Aloys Schulte, Geschichte der Grosser Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft 1380–1530, vol. 1 (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1923), 60; Paul Simson, Der Artushof in Danzig (Gdańsk, 1900), 315–322.
7. Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (London and Basingstoke, 1970), 412.
8. Klaus Friedland, ‘The Hanseatic League and Hanse Towns in the Early Penetration of the North’, Arctic 37, no. 4 (1984): 539–543.
9. Edda Frankot, ‘Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen’: Medieval Maritime Law and Its Practice in Urban Northern Europe (Edinburgh, 2012), 147–148.
10. Karl Koppmann, Das Seebuch (Bremen, 1876), especially 52–54; Christian Peplow, ‘Überlegungen zur alltäglichen Navigationspraxis der hansischen Seeschifffahrt im Ostseeraum des Spätmittelalters’, Jahrbuch der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schiffahrts- und Marinegeschichte 18 (2015): 10–30; Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (London and Basingstoke, 1970), 145.
11. Eliyahu Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Middle Ages (Princeton, 1983), 156.
12. О том, что было дальше, см. Martyn C. Rady, ‘The Hungarian Copper Trade and Industry in the Later Middle Ages’, in Trade and Transport in Russia and Eastern Europe, ed. M. McCauley and J. E. O. Screen (London, 1985), 18–44.
13. For the earliest history of liquation in Central Europe, see Wolfgang von Stromer, Oberdeutsche Hochfinanz (Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beihefte 55–57, 1970), 137–144.
14. Zoltán Batizi, ‘Mining in Medieval Hungary’, in The Economy of Medieval Hungary, ed. J. Laszlovszky et al. (Leiden and Boston, 2018), 166–181 (176).
15. Richard A. Goldthwaite, ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’, Past and Present 114 (1987): 3–31; Raymond de Roover, The Medici Bank: Its Organization, Management, Operations, and Decline (New York and London, 1948), 59–62.
16. Andreas Hauptmann et al., ‘The Shipwreck of Bom Jesus, AD 1533: Fugger Copper in Namibia’, Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 2 (2016): 181–207.
17. Ulinka Rublack and Maria Hayward, eds., The First Book of Fashion: The Books of Clothes of Matthäus and Veit Konrad Schwarz of Augsburg (London, 2015).
18. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, MSS, HAN Cod. 10906 (Was der Buchhalten sei, auch von Dreierlei Buchhalten, 1555).
19. A. C. Littleton and B. S. Yamey, eds., Studies in the History of Accountancy (Homewood, IL, 1956), 224–225; Valentin Groebner, ‘Inside Out: Clothes, Dissimulation, and the Arts of Accounting in the Autobiography of Matthäus Schwarz, 1496–1574’, Representations 66 (1999): 100–121 (114).
20. Криминальные дела с участием Улина Фуггера представлены в: Max Jansen, Die Anfänge der Fugger (Leipzig, 1907), 168–169. О ранней истории семьи – см. Mark Häberlein, The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany (Charlottesville, VA, and London, 2012), 9–30.
21. Greg Steinmetz, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger (New York, 2015), 18–19.
22. Jansen, Die Anfänge der Fugger, 57. Цитата из Richard Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (Jena, 1922), 89.
23. Christoph Bellot, ‘Zur Augsburger Fuggerkapelle’, in Humanismus und Renaissance in Augsburg, ed. G. M. Muller (Berlin, 2010), 445–490 (487–488); Denkwürdigkeiten von Hans von Schweinichen, ed. H. Osterley (Breslau, 1878), 77.
24. Steinmetz, Richest Man Who Ever Lived, 29.
25. Steinmetz, Richest Man Who Ever Lived, 45–46; Jacob Strieder, Die Inventur der Firma Fugger aus dem Jahre 1527 (Tübingen, 1905), 44–45.
26. Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, 145.
27. Ján Novak, ‘Die Bedeutung der Wasserenergie für die Entwicklung des Bergbaus in Europa in die Epoche des Feudalismus’, Technikatörténeti Szemle 8 (1975–1976): 237–42 (239); Rady, ‘The Hungarian Copper Trade and Industry’, 23–25. О паровой машине Ньюкомена см. Jacob Leupold, Theatrum Machinarum Hydraulicarum, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1725), 94–96.
28. Irena Gieysztorowa, ‘Research into the Demographic History of Poland’, Acta Poloniae Historica 18 (1968): 5–17; J. C. Russell, ‘Late Ancient and Medieval Population’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 48, no. 3 (1958): 1–152 (123–129).
29. For city populations, see Isenmann, Die deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter, 62.
1. František Palacký, Geschichte von Böhmen, vol. 3, part 1 (Prague, 1845), 419–423.
2. Die Klingenberger Chronik, ed. A. Henne (Gotha, 1861), 208–209.
3. János Thuróczy, Chronicle of the Hungarians, ed. Frank Mantello (Bloomington, 1991), 43–52.
4. Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, ed. G. Fejér, vol. 10, part 4 (Buda, 1841), 682–694.
5. RTA, 8, 373: отмечено в Mark Whelan, ‘Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Imperial Response to the Ottoman Turkish Threat, c. 1410–1437’ (PhD thesis, University of London, 2014), 42.
6. Sopron szabad királyi város története, ed. J. Házi, vol. 1, part 2 (Sopron, 1923), 54; Balázs Nagy, ‘Ceremony and Diplomacy: The Royal Summit in Buda in 1412’, in The Jagiellonians in Europe: Dynastic Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, ed A. Bárány (Debrecen, 2016), 9–18.
7. Klaus H. Feder, ‘Die ritterliche ungarische Gesellschaft vom Drachen’, Zeitschrift der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Ordenskunde 36 (1999): 1–20.
8. Whelan, ‘Sigismund of Luxemburg’, 94.
9. Veronika Novák, ‘Sárkány a porcelánboltban: Luxemburgi Zsigmond és a párizsi ceremóniák’, in Francia – magyar kapcsolatok a középkorban, ed. A. Györkös and G. Kiss (Debrecen, 2016), 253–269.
10. Основано на Ferencz Toldy, A magyar történeti költészet Zrínyi előtt, part 1 (Vienna, 1850), 21–22.
11. J. H. Wylie and W. T. Waugh, The Reign of Henry V, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1929), 9–10.
12. Norman Simms, ‘The Visit of King Sigismund to England, 1416’, Hungarian Studies Review 17, no. 2 (1990): 21–29.
13. Whelan, ‘Sigismund of Luxemburg’, 53.
14. Theodor von Sickel, ‘Zur Geschichte der Siegel Kaiser Sigismund’s’, Anzeiger für Kunde der Deutschen Vorzeit (new series) 19 (1872): 14; Bettina Pferschy-Maleczek, ‘Der Nimbus des Doppeladlers: Mystik und Allegorie im Siegelbild Kaiser Sigmunds’, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 23, no. 4 (1996): 433–471. См. также Len Scales in English Historical Review 124 (2009): 944–946.
15. Karl-Friedrich Krieger, Die Habsburger im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 2004), 171.
16. Heinrich Koller, Kaiser Friedrich III (Darmstadt, 2005), 81–82, 251–253; Oswald von Wolkenstein, Songs from a Single Eye: Oswald von Wolkenstein, trans. Richard Sieburth (New York, 2019), 19–20.
17. Ralf Mitsch, ‘Die Gerichts- und Schlichtungs-Kommissionen Kaiser Friedrich III’, in Das Reichskammergericht. Der Weg zu seiner Gründung und die ersten Jahrzehnte seines Wirkens (1451–1527), ed. B. Diestelkamp (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 2013), 7–77 (58); Ralf Mitsch, Das Kommissionswesen unter Kaiser Friedrich III (Mannheim, 2000), 640–680.
18. Peter Moraw, ‘The Court of the German King and of the Emperor at the End of the Middle Ages, 1440–1519’, in Princes, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450–1650, ed. R. G. Asch and A. M. Birke (Oxford, 1991), 103–137 (118).
19. For the heraldic manuscript, see OeSta/HHStA, HS W84.
20. For manuscript editions, see Christoph J. Hagermann, Geschichtsfiktion im Dienste territorialer Macht. Die Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften des Leopold von Wien (Heidelberg, 2017), 9.
21. P. Terjanien, ed., The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I (New York, 2019), 17–37.
22. Duncan Hardy, Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346–1521 (Oxford, 2018), 247.
23. «Либо ничем, либо пустяком»: см. Rebecca Boone, ‘Empire and Medieval Simulacrum: A Political Project of Mercurino di Gattinara, Grand Chancellor of Charles V’, Sixteenth Century Journal 42, no. 4 (2011): 1027–1049 (1032).
1. Antonius Bonfinius, Decades Rerum Hungaricarum, 4. 3 (Leipzig, 1771), 577.
2. Mátyás király levelei, ed. Vilmos Fraknói, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1893–1895), 1:51, 1:124, 2:5, 2:56, 2:87, 2:105, 2:298.
3. András A. Deák, ‘Az esztergomi reneszánsz vízgép históriája’, Hidrológiai Közlöny 88, no. 3 (2008): 13–22 (15–16); László Zolnay, A középkori Esztergom (Budapest, 1983), 190.
4. Antonius Bonfinius, Decades Rerum Hungaricarum, 4. 7 (Leipzig, 1771), 646–647.
5. О последствиях см. Martyn Rady, ‘The Corvina Library and the Lost Royal Hungarian Archive’, in Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity, ed. James Raven (Basingstoke and New York, 2004), 91–105.
6. M. G. Kovachich, Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum minores, vol. 1 (Buda, 1798), 347; József Teleki, Hunyadiak kora Magyarországon, vol. 5 (Pest, 1856), 511.
7. Csaba Csapodi, The Corvinian Library: History and Stock (Budapest, 1973), 57–61; Ireneo Affò, Memorie di Taddeo Ugoleto (Parma, 1781), 30–31.
8. Цитата из László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest, 1999), 126. См. также Pál Engel, Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (London and New York, 2001), 320. О Хандо см. Dániel Pócs, ‘The Codices of György Handó’, Hungarian Historical Review 8, no. 3 (2019): 508–572.
9. Ana Maria Gruia, ‘Fashionable Stove Tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia During the Fifteenth Century’ in Slovakia and Croatia: Historical Parallels and Connections, ed. Veronika Kucharská et al. (Zagreb and Bratislava, 2013), 316–328.
10. Jürgen Soenke, ‘Die Wesererrenaissance’, Burgen und Schlösser 10, no. 2 (1969): 33–37; Michael Baxandall, The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany (New Haven and London, 1980).
11. Цитата из Jan Bialostocki, The Art of the Renaissance in Central Europe (Ithaca, NY, and Oxford, 1976), 85, приводится в Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Court, Cloister and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe 1450–1800 (London, 1995), 48; Peter Burke, Hybrid Renaissance: Culture, Language, Architecture (Budapest and New York, 2016), 11–42.
12. Jan Piet Filedt Kok, ‘Antwerp Mannerism’, Burlington Magazine 148, no. 1237 (2006): 287–289.
13. Jeannie Łabno, ‘Child Monuments in Renaissance Poland’, Sixteenth Century Journal 37, no. 2 (2006): 351–374.
14. О лицах см. Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy (Oxford, 1972), 58–59.
15. Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, 1983), 21–22. См. также онлайн-источник www.staropolska.pl ‘Conversations of a Master with Death’, translated by M. J. Mikoś. О дюреровской версии смерти см. Christine Welch, ‘Images of Death in Art and Literature’, in Death, Burial, and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, c. 1300–1700, ed. P. Booth and E. C. Tingle (Leiden and Boston, 2021), 272–299 (283).
16. Seeta Chaganti, ‘Danse Macabre and the Virtual Churchyard’, Postmedieval: A Journal of Medieval Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (2012): 7–26.
17. О Микеланджело см. James Snyder, The Renaissance in the North (New York, 1987), о братствах и реформаторских монастырях см. László Mezey, ‘A Devotio moderna a dunai országokban’, Egyetemi könyvtár évkönyvei 5 (1970): 223–237; G. Sarbak, ‘Die ungarische Pauliner und die Devotio Moderna’, in Wessel Gansford (1419–1489) and Northern Humanism, ed. F. Akkerman et al. (Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1993), 170–179.
18. James H. Overfield, Humanism and Scholasticism in Late Medieval Germany (Princeton, 1984), 4–9.
19. Цитата из Rudolph Agricola (c. 1443–1485), представлено в Johannes Rivius, Libellus, de ratione docendi (Louvain, 1550), 77.
20. Lewis W. Spitz, The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 81–109.
21. «Для продвижения эрудиции»: см. Spitz, Religious Renaissance, 32–33.
22. Gulielmus Gnapheus, Morosophus. Ein törichter Weise, ed. Hans-Dieter Hoffmann (Frankfurt a/M, 2010), 9–24; шире – Jacqueline Glomski, Patronage and Humanist Literature in the Age of the Jagiellons (Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 2007).
23. О сосисках см. H. Babucke, Wilhelm Gnapheus, ein Lehrer aus dem Reformationszeitalter (Emden, 1875), 5.
24. J. – F. Poudret and Jeanne Gallone-Brack, eds., Les Sources du droit du Canton de Vaud. A: Coutume. 1: Enquêtes (Lausanne, 1972), 125.
25. Martyn Rady, Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum (Oxford, 2015), 152–156.
26. Georg Dahm, ‘On the Reception of Roman and Italian Law in Germany’, in Pre-Reformation Germany, ed. G. Strauss (London and Basingstoke, 1972), 282–315 (308–311).
1. Dirk Syndram et al., eds., Kurfürst Friedrich der Weise von Sachsen (1463–1525) (Dresden, 2014).
2. Alister E. McGrath, Luther’s Theology of the Cross: Martin Luther’s Theological Breakthrough, 2nd ed. (Malden, MA, 2011), 22–27.
3. Alister E. McGrath, Theology: The Basics, 4th ed. (Chichester, 2017), 12.
4. Приводится в Roland H. Bainton, ‘Thomas Müntzer: Revolutionary Firebrand of the Reformation’, Sixteenth Century Journal 13, no. 2 (1982): 3–16 (9).
5. Портрет жены Карлштадта, Анны фон Мохау – см. Alejandro Zorzin, ‘Ein Cranach-Porträt des Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt’, Theologische Zeitschrift 70 (2013): 4–24.
6. Цитата из The Essential Carlstadt, ed. E. J. Furcha (Walden, NY, 2019), 122–123.
7. Valentin von Tetleben, Protokoll des Augsburger Reichstages 1530, ed. H. Grundmann (Göttingen, 1958), 151.
8. Erwin Iserloh, Joseph Glazik, and Hubert Jedin, Reformation and Counter-Reformation (London, 1980), 76; Terry Lindvall, God Mocks: A History of Religious Satire (London and New York, 2015), 88–89.
9. 9. Mark U. Edwards Jr., Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (Berkeley, 1994), 14–39.
10. Ulinka Rublack, Reformation Europe (Cambridge, 2017), 78–83.
11. Bobbi Dykema, ‘The Ass in the Seat of St Peter: Defamation of the Pope in Early Lutheran Flugschriften’, in Character Assassination Throughout the Ages, ed. M. Icks and E. Shiraev (New York, 2014), 153–171.
12. Steven Ozment, The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation (New Haven and London, 2011), 107.
13. Die Welt des Hans Sachs (Exhibition Catalogue, Nuremberg, 1976), 4–6; Rosemarie Bergmann, ‘Hans Sachs Illustrated: Pamphlets and Broadsheets in the Service of the Reformation’, RACAR: revue d’art canadienne / Canadian Art Review 17, no. 1 (1990): 9–16, 89–91.
14. Kozmografia česká (Prague, 1554). See Mirjam Bohatcová, ‘The Book and the Reformation in Bohemia and Moravia’, in The Reformation and the Book, ed. J. – F. Gilmont (Aldershot, 1998), 385–409.
15. Natalia Nowakowska, ‘Forgetting Lutheranism: Historians and the Early Reformation in Poland’, Church History and Religious Culture 92, nos. 2/3 (2012): 281–303.
16. Tobias Stich, Buchdruck im Konfessionellen Zeitalter. Die Drucke der Offizin Osterberger in Königsberg (Munich, 2014), 18–19.
17. Natalia Nowakowska, King Sigismund and Martin Luther: The Reformation Before Confessionalization (Oxford, 2018), 115.
18. Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna (Cambridge, 1997), 15.
19. James D. Tracy, Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 2002), 213.
20. Martyn Rady, The Emperor Charles V (London and New York, 1988), 51.
21. Ute Lotz-Heumann and Matthias Pohlig, ‘Confessionalization and Literature in the Empire, 1555–1700’, Central European History 40, no. 1 (2007): 35–61 (46).
1. T. M. Izbicki et al., eds., Reject Aeneas, Accept Pius: Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) (Washington, DC, 2006), 315; Norman Housley, ‘Christendom’s Bulwark: Croatian Identity and the Response to the Ottoman Advance’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (sixth series), 24 (2014): 149–164 (151).
2. О государственном потенциале Венгрии до Мохаче см. Martyn Rady, ‘Fiscal and Military Developments in Hungary During the Jagello Period’, Chronica (Szeged), 11 (2011): 85–98.
3. Géza Kathona, Fejezetek a török hódoltsági reformáció történetéből (Budapest, 1974), 50.
4. Catherine Wendy Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth-Century Adriatic (Ithaca and London, 1992), 19–36; Wendy Bracewell, ‘Ritual Brotherhood Across Frontiers in the Eastern Adriatic Hinterland, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries’, History and Anthropology 27, no. 3 (2016): 338–358.
5. István Kenyeres and Géza Pálffy, ‘A Habsburg monarchia és a magyar királyság had- és pénzügyigazgatásának fejlődése a 16–17. században’, Századok 152, no. 5 (2018): 1033–1076 (1038–1051).
6. Géza Pálffy, ‘Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman – Hungarian Frontier in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders, ed. G. Dávid and P. Fodor (Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2007), 35–83; John Smith, Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, ed. E. Arber, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1910), 839.
7. Gustav Bayerle, ‘One Hundred Fifty Years of Frontier Life in Hungary’, in From Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary, ed. J. M. Bak and B. K. Király (New York, 1982), 227–242 (236).
8. Nataša Štefanec, ‘Demographic Changes on the Habsburg-Ottoman Border in Slavonia (c. 1570–1640)’, in Das Osmanische Reich und die Habsburgermonarchie, ed. M. Kurz et al. (Munich and Vienna, 2005), 551–578.
9. Gunther Erich Rothenberg, ‘Antemurales Christianitatis: The Austrian Military Border in Croatia 1522–1749’ (PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1958), 41, 56. «В некоторых пограничных крепостях» – см. Stephan Gerlachs dess Aeltern Tage-Buch, ed. David Ungnad (Frankfurt a/M, 1674), 305. «Пусть они и неплохие солдаты» – см. Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, Die Ehre dess Herzogthum Crains, vol. 4 (Nuremberg, 1689), 75.
10. О раннем управлении границей см. Rainer Egger, ‘Hofkriegsrat und Kriegsministerium als zentrale Verwaltungsbehörden der Militärgrenze, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 43 (1993): 74–93 (76–79).
11. Michael J. Polczynski, ‘The Wild Fields: Power and Space in the Early Modern Polish-Lithuanian/Ottoman Frontier’ (PhD thesis, Georgetown University, 2016), 74. Описание «дикой равнины» см. в: Michalon Lituanus, De moribus Tatarorum, Litvanorum et Moschorum (Basle, 1615), 2.
12. О литовском канцлерстве см. The Lithuanian Metrica: History and Research, ed. Artras Dubonis et al. (Boston, 2020).
13. Об условиях Люблинской унии см. Richard Butterwick, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Light and Flame (New Haven and London, 2020), 14–15.
14. Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, ‘Slave Hunting and Slave Redemption as a Business Enterprise: The Northern Black Sea Region in the Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries’, Oriente Moderno (new series) 25, no. 1 (2006): 149–159; Brian L. Davies, Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 (Abingdon and New York, 2007), 24.
15. Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: The History of Ukraine (London, 2015), 77, приводится в Michalon Lituanus, De moribus Tatarorum, Litvanorum et Moschorum, 36.
16. Michalon Lituanus, De moribus Tatarorum, Litvanorum et Moschorum, 36.
17. Linda Gordon, Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth-Century Ukraine (Albany, NY, I983), 40.
18. О казаческих боях см. Robert I. Frost, The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558–1721 (London and New York, 2000), 50.
19. Gordon, Cossack Rebellions, 87.
20. George H. Williams, ‘Protestants in the Ukraine During the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 2, nos. 1–2 (1978): 41–72, 184–210.
21. The Complete Kobzar: The Poetry of Taras Shevchenko, trans. Peter Fedynsky (London, 2013), 148–239; Andrew Wilson, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, 3rd ed. (New Haven and London, 2009), 90–95.
1. Цифры приводятся в Arlette Jouana, The St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State (Manchester, 2007), 135, 143; Robert Payne and Nikita Romanoff, Ivan the Terrible (New York, 1975), 354.
2. Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor (New Haven and London, 2009), 79.
3. Die Reisen des Samuel Kiechel, ed. K. D. Haszler (Stuttgart, 1866), 102, отмечено в David Frick, Kith, Kin, and Neighbors: Communities and Confessions in Seventeenth-Century Wilno (Ithaca and London, 2013), 1.
4. R. J. W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy (Oxford, 1979), 10; о современном опросе относительно еретических вер см. J. G. Hering, Compendieuses Kirchen- und Ketzer-Lexicon (Schneeberg, 1731, и более поздние издания).
5. P. D. Rosi da Porta, Historia Reformationis Ecclesiarum Raeticarum, vol. 1 (Chur, 1771), 146.
6. Randolph C. Head, ‘The Swiss Reformations: Movements, Settlements, and Reimagination, 1520–1720’, in The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations, ed. U. Rublack (Oxford, 2016), 167–185 (181); Thomas Maissen, ‘Disputatio de Helvetiis, an Natura Consentiant. Frühneuzeitliche Annäherungen an die schweizer Konsensbereitschaft’, Traverse 9, no. 3 (2001): 39–55 (42–43).
7. Erdélyi országgyűlési emlékek, ed. S. Szilágyi, vol. 2 (Budapest, 1876), 231, 343, and vol. 3 (Budapest, 1877), 472.
8. Michael Doeberl, Entwickelungsgeschichte Bayerns, vol. 1 (Munich, 1908), 408–410.
9. David R. Holeton, ‘Fynes Moryson’s Itinerary: A Sixteenth Century English Traveller’s Observations on Bohemia, Its Reformation, and Its Liturgy’, in The Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice, ed. Z. V. David and D. R. Holeton, vol. 5, part 2 (Prague, 2005), 379–411 (391); Peter J. Klassen, Mennonites in Early Modern Poland and Prussia (Baltimore, 2009), 15.
10. Lazarus von Schwendi, ‘Bedencken an Kayser Maximilianum II’, представлено в Johann Christian Lünig, Europäische Staats-Consilia, oder curieuse Bedencken, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1715), 336–353 (347–349); Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna (Cambridge, 1997), 114–115. Текст Варшавской конвенции см. в Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, rev. ed., vol. 1 (Oxford, 2005), 126.
11. Ross Dealy, The Stoic Origins of Erasmus’ Philosophy of Christ (Toronto, 2017), 338–339; A. G. Dickens and Whitney R. D. Jones, Erasmus the Reformer (London, 2000), 118.
12. Horace, The Complete Odes and Epodes, 2. 10, trans. D. West (Oxford, 1997), 64; Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna (Cambridge, 1997), 23.
13. Цитата Михала Сендзивогиуса, приводится в S. J. Linden, ed., The Alchemy Reader: From Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 2003), 176.
14. King’s College Library, Cambridge, Keynes MS 28, fol. 2 r – v (spelling adjusted).
15. О методике Тритемия по вызову ангелов см. перевод в Francis Barrett, The Magus or Celestial Intelligencer, book 2, part 4 (London, 1801), 131–140. В издании Барретта содержится предупреждение читателю.
16. Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, ‘Arcimboldo’s Imperial Allegories’, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 39, no. 4 (1976): 275–296.
17. R. J. W. Evans, Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History (Oxford, 1984), 45, 84.
18. Karl Vocelka and Lynne Heller, Die Lebenswelt der Habsburger. Kultur und Mentalitätsgeschichte einer Familie (Graz, Vienna, and Cologne, 1997), 98.
19. Stanisław Mossakowski, ‘The Symbolic Meaning of Copernicus’ Seal’, Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (1973): 451–460 (459).
20. Antonín Švedja, ‘Science and Instruments’, in Fučiková et al., Rudolf II and Prague, 618–619.
21. Pavel Chadima and Martin Šolc, ‘Astronomy and Musaeum Mathematicum at Clementinum College in Prague’, Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Mathematica et Physica 46 (Suppl., 2005): 173–183.
22. О последних днях Рудольфа в Праге см. Gertrude von Schwarzenfeld, Rudolf II. Ein deutscher Kaiser am Vorabend des Dreissigjährigen Krieges, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1979), 256–259.
1. Roscoe Lamont, ‘The Reform of the Julian Calendar’, Popular Astronomy 28 (1920): 18–32.
2. Felix Stieve, Der Kalenderstreit des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts in Deutschland (Munich, 1880), 29; János Cikkei Herepei, Adattár xvii. századi szellemi mozgalmaink történetéhez, vol. 3 (Budapest and Szeged, 1971), 86.
3. Felix Maissen, ‘Der Kalenderstreit in Graubünden (1582–1812)’, Bündner Monatsblatt, nos. 9–10 (1960): 253–273.
4. Anthony Ruff, ‘Catholic Reformation Hymnody’, in Hymns and Hymnody: Historical and Theological Introductions, ed. M. A. Lamport et al., vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2019), 78–90.
5. О иезуитах в Центральной Европе см. Paul Shore, Narratives of Adversity: Jesuits on the Eastern Peripheries of the Habsburg Realms (1640–1773) (Budapest and New York, 2012). О Польше см. Janusz Tazbir, A State Without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1973).
6. Mikhail Dmitriev, ‘The Religious Programme of the Union of Brest in the Context of the Counter-Reformation in Eastern Europe’, Journal of Ukrainian Studies 17, no. 1 (1992): 29–43.
7. Serhii Plokhy, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine (Oxford, 2001), 129.
8. Liudmila V. Charipova, Latin Books and the Eastern Orthodox Clerical Elite in Kiev, 1632–1780 (Manchester and New York, 2006), 158; Andrew Wilson, Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship, 2nd ed. (New Haven and London, 2021), 48–53.
9. Dieter Albrecht, Maximilian I. von Bayern 1573–1651 (Munich, 1998), 37.
10. Michael Doeberl, Entwickelungsgeschichte Bayerns, vol. 1 (Munich, 1908), 414.
11. Maximilian Lanzinner, ‘Der Landsberger Bund und seine Vorläufer’, in Alternativen zur Reichsverfassung in der Frühen Neuzeit?, ed. V. Press (Munich 1995), 65–79.
12. Guilielmus Lamormaini, Ferdinandi II. Romanorum Imperatoris Virtutes (Antwerp, 1638), 189.
13. 13. Robert Bireley, Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637 (Cambridge, 2014), 33; August Dimitz, Geschichte Krains, vol. 3 (Ljubljana, 1875), 271.
14. О переговорах Матьяша см. Bernd Rill, Kaiser Matthias. Bruderzwist und Glaubenskampf (Graz, Vienna, and Cologne, 1999), 287.
15. Текст обновленной конституции представлен в C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New York, 1970), 39–45.
16. Michael Frisch, Das Restitutionsedikt Kaiser Ferdinands II. vom 6 März 1629 (Tübingen, 1993), 100–129.
17. Sigrun Haude, ‘The Experience of War’, in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years’ War, ed. O. Asbach and P. Schröder (London and New York, 2014), 257–268 (262). О «карательных группах» см. Simon Winder, Germania: A Personal History of Germans Ancient and Modern (London, 2010), 175.
18. Peter Hagendorf – Tagebuch eines Söldners aus dem Dreissigjährigen Krieg, ed. J. Peters (Göttingen, 2012), 51–53.
19. Mark Hengerer, Kaiser Ferdinand III (1608–1657). Eine Biographie (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2012), 294–295.
20. Małgorzata Morawiec, ‘Die schlesischen Friedenskirchen’, in Der Westfälishe Friede, ed. H. Duchhardt (Munich, 1998), 741–756.
1. О законах о рабстве см. David M. Luebke, His Majesty’s Rebels: Communities, Factions, and Rural Revolt in the Black Forest, 1725–1745 (Ithaca and London, 1997), 177.
2. Jerzy Lukowski, ‘The Peasantry of Poland-Lithuania on the Eve of the French Revolution’, History of European Ideas 12, no. 3 (1990): 377–393.
3. Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, ‘Innovative Feudalism: The Development of Dairy Farming and Koppelwirtschaft on Manors in Schleswig-Holstein in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Agricultural History Review 58, no. 2 (2010): 172–190; Karin Friedrich, Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806 (Basingstoke and New York, 2012), 60.
4. John Paget, Hungary and Transylvania, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1850), 177.
5. Corpus Constitutionum Nassovicarum, ed. A. F. Rühle von Lilienstern, vol. 1 (Dillenburg, 1796), 509.
6. Péter Tóth, ‘Kóborlás és letelepedés (A magyarországi cigányok feudális kori történetéhez)’, Levéltári Évkönyv 7 (1994): 17–26.
7. Béla Kéri Nagy, ‘A cigányok évezredes vándorútja a távoli keletről a Kárpát-medencébe’, Gyökerek. A Dráva Múzeum tanulmánykötete, ed A. Mészáros (Barcs, 2007), 11–37 (15–16); Balázs Szűk, ‘Adalékok az erdélyi cigányságnak a 14. század végétől 1893-ig terjedő történetéhez’, Művelődés 65 (April 2012): 26–29.
8. Lech Mróz, Roma-Gypsy Presence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Budapest and New York, 2015), 281–283; Heinrich von Brandt, Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1863), 487.
9. István Szabó, Ugocsa megye (Budapest, 1937), 38, 48, 247–256, 286.
10. Waldemar Kowalski, The Great Immigration: Scots in Cracow and Little Poland, Circa 1500–1660 (Leiden and Boston, 2016), 7–24; A. Francis Steuart, Papers Relating to the Scots in Poland, 1576–1793 (Edinburgh, 1915).
11. Fabian Wittreck, ‘The Old Armenian Lawcode of Lemberg’, in Diaspora, Law and Literature, ed. K. Stierstorfer and D. Carpi (Berlin, 2017), 155–170.
12. Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton and Oxford, 2004), 4–39.
13. J. Friedrich Battenberg, Die Juden in Deutschland vom 16. bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2001), 10; Győző Ember, ‘Magyarország lakossága a xviii. században’, Somogy megye múltjából. Levéltári évkönyv 20 (1989): 33–68 (52–54); Stefan Plaggenborg, ‘Maria Theresa und die böhmischen Juden’, Bohemia 39, no. 1 (1998): 1–16; Gershon David Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2004), 23–29.
14. Diethard Aschoff, ‘Judenkennzeichnung und Judendiskriminierung in Westfalen bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches’, Aschkenas 3, no. 1 (1993): 15–47.
15. F. L. Carsten, ‘The Court Jews: A Prelude to Emancipation’, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 3, no. 1 (1958): 140–156 (145).
16. Gershon David Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2004), 7–8; Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (Oxford, 2013), 11.
17. Цитируется в Hillel Levine, ‘Gentry, Jews, and Serfs: The Rise of Polish Vodka’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 4, no. 2 (1980): 223–250.
18. Ada Rapoport-Albert, ‘A Reevaluation of the “Khmelnytsky Factor”: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Sabbatean Movement’, in Stories of Khmelnytsky: Competing Literary Legacies of the 1648 Ukrainian Cossack Uprising, ed. A. M. Glaser (Stanford, 2015), 47–59 (49–50).
19. Anna Shternshis, ‘Beggars and Begging’, in YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Beggars_and_Begging; Christoph Kühn, Jüdische Delinquenten in der frühen Neuzeit (Potsdam, 2008), 35–37.
20. Günther Heinrich von Berg, Handbuch des Teutschen Policeyrechts, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Hanover, 1802), 286.
21. Jonathan Karp, The Politics of Jewish Commerce: Economic Thought and Emancipation in Europe, 1638–1848 (Cambridge, 2008), 102–103.
1. Martyn Rady, The Habsburg Empire: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2017), 61.
2. Johann August Schlettwein, Grundwahrheiten der gesellschafftlichen Ordnung (Giessen, 1777), 4; T. C. W. Blanning, Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism (London, 1970), 3.
3. О «программе тотального регулирования» см. Keith Tribe, Strategies of Economic Order: German Economic Discourse, 1750–1950 (Cambridge, 1995), 21.
4. Memoirs of Prince Eugene of Savoy, written by himself (London, 1811), 77.
5. John Stoye, Marsigli’s Europe 1680–1730: The Life and Times of Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, Soldier and Virtuoso (New Haven and London, 1994), 177–191.
6. Martyn Rady, ‘Controverse istorico-istoriografice privind toponimul Banat’, in Identitate si Cultură. Studii privind istoria Banatului, ed. Victor Neumann (Bucharest, 2009), 18–24.
7. Об «абсолютной власти» (лат. absolutum domanium) см. Official Langer, Serbien unter der kaiserlichen Regierung 1717–1739 (Vienna, 1889), 5.
8. János J. Varga, ‘Die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Einrichtung Ungarns nach die Türkenzeit’, in Einrichtungswerk des Königreichs Hungarn (1688–1690), ed. J. Kálmár and J. J. Varga (Stuttgart, 2010), 9–83 (68).
9. Irina Marin, Contested Frontiers in the Balkans: Habsburg and Ottoman Rivalries in Eastern Europe (London and New York, 2013), 15; Matthias Bel, Compendium Hungariae Geographicum (Bratislava and Košice, 1779), 257.
10. William O’Reilly, ‘Divide et impera: Race, Ethnicity and Administration in Early 18th-Century Habsburg Hungary’, in Minorities in Europe, ed. G. Hálfdanarson and A. K. Isaacs (Florence, 2003), 77–103 (79); Feldzüge des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen, vol. 16 (Vienna, 1891), 162; László Szita, ‘A lutheránus németség bevándorlása és településtörténete Tolna megyében a xviii. században’, Tolna Megyei Levéltári Füzetek 5 (1996): 5–23.
11. Franz Griselini, Versuch einer politischen und natürlichen Geschichte des Temeswarer Banats, vol. 1 (Vienna, 1780), 196.
12. Stephan Steiner, Rückkehr Unerwünscht. Deportationen in der Habsburgermonarchie der Frühen Neuzeit und ihr europäischer Kontext (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2014), 314. О «могиле немцев» см. Felix Milleker, Die erste organisierte Kolonisation unter Mercy. 1722–1726 (Vršac, 1923), 7.
13. Timothy G. Anderson, ‘Cameralism and the Production of Space in the Eighteenth-Century Romanian Banat: The Grid Villages of the Danube Swabians’, Journal of Historical Geography 69 (2020): 55–67 (61), приводится декрет 1772 года.
14. Colin Thomas, ‘The Anatomy of a Colonization Frontier: The Banat of Temesvar’, Austrian History Yearbook 19, no. 2 (1984): 2–22 (12–13).
15. Robert Born, ‘Bollwerk und merkantilistisches Laboratorium. Das Temeswarer Banat in der Planungen der Wiener Zentralstellen (1716–1778)’, in Grenzregionen der Habsburgermonarchie im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, ed. H. – C. Maner (Münster, 2005), 37–49 (45).
16. Ere Pertti Nokkala, ‘The Machine of State in Germany – the Case of Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (1717–1771)’, Contributions to the History of Concepts 5, no. 1 (2009): 71–93 (82). О лаборатории см. Michael Hochedlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683–1797 (London, 2003), 228.
17. Einrichtungswerk des Königreichs Hungarn (1688–1690), ed. J. Kálmár and J. J. Varga (Stuttgart, 2010), 131; Jenő Szentkláray, Mercy kormányzata a temesi bánságban (Budapest, 1909), 107.
18. Official Langer, Serbien unter der kaiserlichen Regierung 1717–1739 (Vienna, 1889), 63.
19. Rodica Vârtaciu-Medeleţ, Barock im Banat. Eine europäische Kulturlandschaft (Regensburg, 2012), 87–135.
1. Erik S. Reinert and Fernanda A. Reinert, ‘Economic Bestsellers Published Before 1750’, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25, no. 6 (2018): 1206–1263.
2. О метафоре тела см. V. L. von Seckendorff, Teutsche Reden (Leipzig, 1691), 321.
3. Dictionary of African Biography, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2012), 493–494.
4. Friderich Rudolphi, Gotha Diplomatica, vol. 1 (Frankfurt a/M. and Leipzig, 1696), 103–105; Percy Stulz and Alfred Opitz, Volksbewegungen in Kursachsen zur Zeit der Franzosischen Revolution (Berlin, 1956), 153.
5. V. L. von Seckendorff, Teutscher Fürsten-Staat (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1703), 63, 73; Ulrich Lange, ‘Der ständestaatliche Dualismus – Bemerkungen zu einem Problem der deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte’, Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte 117 (1981): 311–334.
6. Andreas Klinger, ‘Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s “Fürsten Stat” and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha’, European Journal of Law and Economics 19 (2005): 249–266.
7. A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (Oxford, 1965), 1; Ronald G. Asch, ‘Estates and Princes After 1648: The Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War’, German History 6, no. 2 (1988): 113–132 (125).
8. Stefan Brakensiek, Fürstendiener – Staatsbeamte – Bürger. Amtsführung und Lebenswelt der Ortsbeamten in niederrheinischen Kleinstädten (1750–1830) (Göttingen, 1999), 132.
9. August Beck, Ernst der Fromme, vol. 1 (Weimar, 1865), 441.
10. Eduard Vehse, Geschichte der Höfe des Hauses Sachsen, vol. 2 (Hamburg 1854), 12–43; Jenny von der Osten, Luise Dorothee. Herzogin von Sachsen-Gotha 1732–1767 (Leipzig, 1893), 13–14.
11. См. Christopher Storrs and H. M. Scott, ‘The Military Revolution and the European Nobility, c. 1600–1800’, War in History 3, no. 1 (1996): 1–41.
12. Ronald G. Asch, ‘Staatsbildung und adlige Führungsschichten in der Frühen Neuzeit’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft 33, no. 3 (2007): 375–397 (395–396).
13. Richard Brzezinski, Polish Winged Hussar 1576–1795 (Oxford, 2006), 19–25; Jan K. Ostrowski et al., Land of the Winged Horseman, 1572–1764 (New Haven and London, 1999), 208–209.
14. 14. Felicia Roşu, Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587 (Oxford, 2017), 76.
15. Jerzy Lukowski, Disorderly Liberty: The Political Culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century (London and New York, 2010), 16.
16. Michael North, Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns (Munich, 2015), 55.
17. Cathie Carmichael, ‘The Fertility of Lake Cerknica’, Social History 19, no. 3 (1994): 305–317; August Dimitz, History of Carniola, vol. 4 (Cleveland, 2013), 25–32.
1. Christopher Clark, ‘When Culture Meets Power: The Prussian Coronation of 1701’, in Cultures of Power in Europe During the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 14–35.
2. ‘… mit dem stegrayf und den henden zu haufen gekrazt’: Cordula Nolte, Familie, Hof und Herrschaft. Das verwandtschaftliche Beziehungsund Kommunikationsnetz der Reichsfürsten am Beispiel der Markgrafen von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1440–1530) (Ostfildern, 2005), 45.
3. Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006), 73.
4. Matthew McCormack, ‘Tall Histories: Height and Georgian Masculinities’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 26 (2016): 79–101.
5. Peter H. Wilson, ‘Social Militarization in Eighteenth-Century Germany’, German History 18, no. 1 (2000): 1–39.
6. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 98–99.
7. Eckhart Hellmuth, ‘Der Staat des 18. Jahrhunderts. England und Preußen im Vergleich’, Aufklärung 9, no. 1 (1996): 5–24 (15–16).
8. T. C. W. Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great and Enlightened Absolutism’, in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. H. M. Scott (Basingstoke, 1990), 265–288 (266–267).
9. Peter H. Wilson, German Armies: War and German Politics, 1648–1806 (London and Bristol, PA, 1998), 282.
10. P. G. M. Dickson, ‘Monarchy and Bureaucracy in Late Eighteenth-Century Austria’, English Historical Review 110, no. 436 (1995): 323–367 (337); о Вюрцбурге см. Würzburger Hof- und Staats-Kalender für das Jahr 1800 (Würzburg, 1800).
11. Цитата из Christian Thomasius, Aussübung der Vernunfft-Lehre (Halle, 1705), 16.
12. Eckhart Hellmuth, Naturrechtsphilosophie und bürokratischer Werthorizont (Göttingen, 1985), 35.
13. Kurt Bayertz and Thomas Gutmann, ‘Happiness and Law’, Ratio Juris 25, no. 2 (2012): 236–246.
14. Joseph von Sonnenfels, Grundsätze der Policey, Handlung und Finanzwissenschaft, Abgekürzet vom Hofrathe Moshammer (Munich, 1787), 13–14.
15. Heinz Duchhardt, Barock und Aufklärung, 4th ed. (Munich, 2007), 82–84.
16. Stefan Körner, Nikolaus II. Esterházy (1765–1833) und die Kunst. Biografie eines manischen Sammlers (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2013), 142.
17. Walter Endrei, ‘A nyugat-európai ipari forradalom textilipari találmányainak elterjedése’, Technikatörténeti Szemle 8 (1975–1976): 147–152.
См. ‘Jaquet Droz Corporate Movie’, Jaquet Droz, видео на YouTube, 17:49, 5 December 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WofWNcMHcl0
Julien Offray de la Mettrie, Machine Man and Other Writings, ed. A. Thomson (Cambridge, 1996), 7; Roger M. Michalski, ‘Creon’s Secretaries: Theories of Bureaucracy and Social Order in 18th and Early 19th Century Prussia’ (PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2009), 158–159.
Gerald Gillespie, ed., The Nightwatches of Bonaventura (Chicago and London, 2014), 15–16.
Цитируется в Ere Pertti Nokkala, ‘The Machine of State in Germany – the Case of Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (1717–1771)’, Contributions to the History of Concepts 5, no. 1 (2009): 71–93 (72).
Johann Volkna, Politisches deutsches Glossarium (Utopia, 1757), 137–138; Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Der Staat als Maschine. Zur politischen Metaphorik des absoluten Fürstenstaats (Berlin, 1986), 62, 65.
Alan Patten, ‘“The Most Natural State”: Herder and Nationalism’, History of Political Thought 31, no. 4 (2010): 657–689; Henry Jacoby, The Bureaucratization of the World (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1973), 44–46.
Цитата из Norbert Bachleitner, Die literarische Zensur in Österreich von 1751 bis 1848 (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2017), 50; J. N. Fritz, Catalogus verschiedener Bücher (Munich, 1770); Catalogus Librorum a Commissione Aulica Prohibitorum (Vienna, 1762, with supplements); о «царстве мертвых» см. Johann Pezzl, Skizze von Wien, 4th ed., vol. 2 (Vienna, 1803), 5.
Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1 (London, 1769), 96.
Immanual Kant, Kant: Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1991), 85–86; Klaus H. Kiefer, ‘Die famose Hexen-Epoche’. Sichtbares und Unsichtbares in der Aufklärung (Munich, 2004), 199.
Ludwig Abafi, Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Österreich-Ungarn, vol. 2 (Budapest, 1891), 238.
О Польше см. Norbert Wojtowicz, ‘Freemasonry in Poland, Formerly and Today’, La Heroldo, September 2003, 22–26.
Thomas Şindilariu, ‘Die Freimaurerloge St. Andreas zu den drei Seeblättern in Hermannstadt (1767–1790)’, Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 25, no. 2 (2002): 218–227 (226). О прусских ложах и членстве в них см. Karlheinz Gerlach, Die Freimaurer in Alten Preussen, 2 vols. (Innsbruck, Vienna, and Bozen, 2009–2014).
Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (New York and Oxford, 1991), 12, 20.
1. Mark Hulliung, Montesquieu and the Old Regime (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1976), 85–87.
2. Jerzy Lukowski, ‘Machines of Government: Replacing the Liberum Veto in the Eighteenth-Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, SEER 90, no. 1 (2012): 65–97 (72).
3. Jerzy Lukowski, ‘Political Ideas Among the Polish Nobility in the Eighteenth Century (to 1788)’, SEER 82, no. 1 (2004): 1–26 (2).
4. The Cambridge History of Poland, ed. W. F. Reddaway et al., vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1941), 24.
5. ‘Un sujet… convenable à nos intérêts réciproques.’ Цитируется в Frank Spencer, The Fourth Earl of Sandwich: Diplomatic Correspondence, 1763–1765 (Manchester, 1961), 34.
6. Jerzy T. Lukowski, ‘Towards Partition: Polish Magnates and Russian Intervention in Poland During the Early Reign of Stanislaw August Poniatowski’, Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (1985): 557–574.
7. Richard Butterwick, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1733–1795: Light and Flame (New Haven and London, 2020), 109; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Considerations on the Government of Poland and on Its Proposed Reformation (1772), chaps. 1 and 3.
8. Rebecca Haynes, Moldova: A History (London and New York, 2020), 72–73; об «императрице запада» см. Karl A. Roider, Austria’s Eastern Question 1700–1790 (Princeton, 1982), 137.
9. Jerzy Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland: 1772, 1793, 1795 (London and New York, 1999), 17.
10. Politische Correspondenz Friedrich’s des Grossen, vol. 30 (Berlin, 1905), 467, 483; Politische Correspondenz Friedrich’s des Grossen, vol. 31 (Berlin, 1906), 442.
11. Christoph Koch, Table des Traités entre la France et les puissances étrangères, vol. 2 (Basle, 1802), 316–317.
12. 12. David M. Althoen, ‘That Noble Quest: From True Nobility to Enlightened Society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1550–1830’ (PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2000), 178.
13. Richard Butterwick, The Constitution of 3 May 1791: Testament of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Warsaw, 2021), 119 (adjusted).
14. Butterwick, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1733–1795, 255; о страхах Екатерины Великой см. Simon Dixon, Catherine the Great (London, 2009), 309.
15. Robert F. Arnold, Geschichte der Polenlitterateur, vol. 1 (Halle, 1900), 249–256; см. также David Pickus, ‘German Writers, Power and Collapse: The Emergence of Polenliteratur in Eighteenth-Century Germany’, in The Germans and the East, ed. C. Ingrao and F. A. J. Szabo (West Lafayette, 2008), 78–88.
16. K. Morvand, L’Orang-Outang d’Europe, ou le Polonais tel qu’il est (1780); Anon., Der Orang-Outang in Europe oder der Pohle nach seiner wahren Beschaffenheit (Berlin, 1780); Jacek Kordel, ‘Zur Entstehung des Begriffs “polnische Wirtschaft”’, Przegląd Historyczny 111, no. 4 (2020): 878–902 (882); Georg Forster’s sammtliche Schriften, ed. G. Gervinus, vol. 7 (Leipzig, 1843), 306; о Сегюре см. John Stanley, ‘French Attitudes Toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period’, Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes 49, nos. 3/4 (2007): 209–227 (212).
17. Anon., Persia and Affghanistan: Analytical Narrative (London, 1839), 68.
18. Jerzy Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland: 1772, 1793, 1795 (London and New York, 1999), 83.
1. Martyn Rady, The Habsburg Empire: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2017), 69–70.
2. Die Mainzer Republik II. Protokolle des Rheinisch-deutschen Nationalkonvents mit Quellen zu seiner Vorgeschichte, ed. Heinrich Scheel (Berlin, 1981), 501; о сыне пастора см. Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, vol. 2 (Oxford, 2012), 583.
3. J. Holland Rose, William Pitt and the Great War (London, 1911), 549–550.
4. Jaroslav Czubaty, The Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815: A Napoleonic Outpost in Central Europe (London and New York, 2016), 195; John D. Stanley, ‘Napoleon’s Last Allies: The Poles in 1814’, Polish Review 61, no. 3 (2016): 3–31.
5. Цитируется в Beatrix Langner, Jean Paul. Meister der zweiten Welt (Munich, 2013), 402.
6. Gabriel Hanotaux, ‘L’Empire de recrutement: la terre contre la mer: 1806–1810’, Revue des Deux Mondes 34, no. 4 (1926): 824–863 (852); Paul L. Dawson, 1812 Campaign Preparations and Logistics, April 2013, www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/1812/Russia/c_1812_logistics.pdf.
7. Dorothy Mackay Quynn, ‘The Art Confiscations of the Napoleonic Wars’, American Historical Review 50, no. 3 (1945): 437–460.
8. Jonathan Steinberg, Why Switzerland?, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1996), 9.
9. Sam A. Mustafa, Napoleon’s Paper Kingdom: The Life and Death of Westphalia, 1807–1813 (Lanham, MD, 2017), 4–5.
10. Mustafa, Napoleon’s Paper Kingdom, 204; La Correspondance Napoléon Ier, publiée par ordre de l’Empereur Napoléon III, vol. 1 (Paris, 1858), 322.
11. J. H. Campe, Wörterbuch zur Erklärung und Verdeutschung unserer Sprache aufgedrungenen fremden Ausdrücke (Brunswick, 1813); Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Westphalen (Hanover, 1811).
12. Frank J. Bundy, ‘The Administration of the Illyrian Provinces of the French Empire 1809–1813’ (Master’s thesis, University of Omaha, 1966), 87–88.
13. Michael Bennett, War Against Smallpox: Edward Jenner and the Global Spread of Vaccination (Cambridge, 2020), 168; Gunther E. Rothenberg, ‘The Austrian Sanitary Cordon and the Control of the Bubonic Plague: 1710–1871’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 28, no. 1 (1973): 15–23.
14. Jelena Lakuš, ‘Reading Societies and Their Social Exclusivity: Dalmatia in the First Half of the 19th Century’, Libellarium 1, no. 1 (2008): 51–74. Самая ранняя версия Télégraphe Officiel на четырех языках была напечатана 28 июля 1810 года. См. Mémoires du Maréchal Marmont, 3rd ed., vol. 3 (Paris, 1857), 435.
15. Isaiah Berlin, Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder, 2nd ed. (Princeton, 2013), 208–300.
16. Darko Dolinar, ‘Slovene Text Editions, Slavic Philology and Nation-Building’, European Studies 26 (2008): 65–78.
17. Joep Leerssen, National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History, 3rd ed. (Amsterdam, 2014), 129.
18. Leerssen, National Thought in Europe, 80, 210.
19. Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck 1800–1866 (Princeton, 1996), 20.
1. Цитата из Thomas Carlyle, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship and Travails, vol. 1 (New York, 1882), 255.
2. О «руководящем комитете» см. Memoirs of Prince Metternich, ed. R. Metternich, vol. 5 (London, 1882), 241; Alan Sked, Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation (Basingstoke and New York, 2008), 21–23.
3. Konrad H. Jarausch, ‘The Sources of German Student Unrest 1815–1848’, Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, no. 24 (Suppl., 2012): 80–114 (85–92).
4. Memoirs of Prince Metternich, ed. R. Metternich, vol. 3 (London, 1881), 287; Wolfram Siemann, Metternich: Strategist and Visionary (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2019), 597.
5. Alice M. Hanson, Musical Life in Biedermeier Vienna (Cambridge, 1985), 113; об английских газетах см. C. Allix Wilkinson, Reminiscences of the Court and Times of King Ernest of Hanover, vol. 1 (London, 1886), 66.
6. The (London) Times, 20 November 1851; The Greville Memoirs, ed. H. Reeve, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (London, 1875), 180.
7. Heide Barmeyer, ‘Hof und Hofgesellschaft in Hannover im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert’, in Hof und Hofgesellschaft in den deutschen Staaten im 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert, ed. K. Möckl (Boppard am Rhein, 1990), 239–273.
8. The (London) Times, 20 November 1851; Ernst August, König von Hannover, und seine Zeit. Ein Gedenkbuch für jeden Hannoveraner (Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1852), 84–85.
9. См. C. Allix Wilkinson, Reminiscences of the Court and Times of King Ernest of Hanover, 2 vols. (London, 1886).
10. Georg Müller, Dr. Phil. Johann Christian Zimmermann 1786–1853. Eine ungewöhnliche Karriere im Oberharzer Bergbau (Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 2012).
11. K. Mlynek, ed., Geschichte der Stadt Hannover, vol. 2 (Hanover, 1994), 320–326.
12. Carl Ernst von Malortie, König Ernst August (Hanover, 1861), 119–120.
13. Erdélyi Híradó, 19 December 1837, 406–407; Berliner Politisches Wochenblatt, 30 December 1837, 302.
14. Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms’ Fairy Tales, 2nd ed. (Princeton and Oxford, 2003), 3–38.
1. Iryna Vushko, The Politics of Cultural Retreat: Imperial Bureaucracy in Austrian Galicia, 1772–1867 (New Haven and London, 2015), 212.
2. Moritz von Sala, Geschichte des polnischen Aufstandes vom Jahre 1846 (Vienna, 1867), 309.
3. О слухах о количестве мятежников см. Moritz von Sala, Geschichte des polnischen Aufstandes vom Jahre 1846, 221; о Захере фон Мазохе см. Larry Wolff, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford, 2010), 143; об «eine Demokratie ohne Volk» («демократия без людей») Меттерниха см. Heinrich von Srbik, Metternich. Der Staatsman und der Mensch, vol. 2 (Vienna, 1925), 151.
4. Gabor Pajkossy, ‘Kossuth and the Emancipation of the Serfs’, in Lajos Kossuth Sent Word… Papers Delivered on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of Kossuth’s Birth, ed. L. Péter, M. Rady, and P. Sherwood (London, 2003), 71–80 (76).
5. C. F. Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Berlin und Wien in den Jahren 1845–1852. Politische Privatbriefe, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1886), 75.
6. Manfred Gailus, ‘Hungerunruhen in Preussen’, in Der Kampf um das tägliche Brot: Nahrungsmangel, Versorgungspolitik und Protest 1770–1990, ed. M. Gailus and H. Volkmann (Opladen, 1994), 176–199.
7. Joachim Eibach, ‘Gerüchte im Vormärz und März 1848 in Baden’, Historische Anthropologie 2, no. 2 (1994): 245–264; Ralph C. Canevali, ‘The “False French Alarm”: Revolutionary Panic in Baden, 1848’, Central European History 18, no. 2 (1985): 119–142.
8. W. A. Coupe, ‘The German Cartoon and the Revolution of 1848’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 9, no. 2 (1967): 137–167.
9. Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866 (Princeton, 1996), 548–549.
10. James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770–1866 (Oxford, 1989), 644. О крестьянских петициях и «армии чиновников» см. Stenographische Berichtung über die Verhandlungen der zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats-Verfassung berufenen Versammlung, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1848), 243. Также см. James F. Harris, ‘Rethinking the Categories of the German Revolution of 1848: The Emergence of Popular Conservatism in Bavaria’, Central European History 25, no. 2 (1992): 123–148.
11. C. F. Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Berlin und Wien in den Jahren 1845–1852. Politische Privatbriefe, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1886), Appendix (‘Stimmen der Presse’), 29 February 1848.
12. О «я старый доктор» см. James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770–1866 (Oxford, 1989), 657; Friedrich Rückert, Liedertagebuch 1848–1849 (Göttingen, 2002), 478.
13. Horace Rumbold, The Austrian Court in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1909), 111.
14. William H. Stiles, Austria in 1848–49, vol. 1 (New York, 1852), 110–111.
15. Grazer Zeitung, 7 July 1848.
16. László Péter, Az Elbától keletre. Tanulmányok a magyar és kelet-európai történelemből (Budapest, 1998), 75.
17. Heinrich Friedjung, Österreich von 1848 bis 1860, 4th ed., vol. 1 (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1918), 48.
18. Theodore S. Hamerow, ‘The Elections to the Frankfurt Parliament’, Journal of Modern History 33, no. 1 (1961): 15–32.
19. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen der deutschen constituirenden Nationalverfassung, ed. F. Wigard, vols. 1–2 (Frankfurt, 1848), 1:166, 1:737, 2:971, 2:1310.
20. B. Trencsényi et al., eds., A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2016), 255; J. P. Jordan, Aktenmässiger Bericht über die Verhandlungen des ersten Slavenkongresses in Prag (Prague, 1848).
21. G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901 (London, 1922), 292.
1. Verhandlungen des Österreichischen Reichstages nach der stenographische Aufnahme, 5 vols. (Vienna, 1848–1849).
2. Колыбельная впервые была опубликована в декабре 1849 года в Штутгарте.
3. Об обращении Кошута с апрельскими законами см. László Péter, ‘Introduction’, in Lajos Kossuth Sent Word… Papers Delivered on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of Kossuth’s Birth, ed. L. Péter, M. Rady, and P. Sherwood (London, 2003), 1–13 (9).
4. Tamás Katona, ‘Csány László erdélyi főkormánybiztos’, Zalai Gyűjtemény 30 (1990): 221–254 (246–247).
5. General Klapka, Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hungary, vol. 1 (London, 1850), liv. Текст декларации – см. Lajos Kossuth, Irások és beszédek 1848–1849-ből, ed. T. Katona (Budapest, 1987), 378–398; перевод на английский в Henry W. De Puy, Kossuth and his Generals (Buffalo, 1852), 202–225.
6. Wiener Zeitung, 1 May 1849, 1235.
7. Viktor Bibl, Von Revolution zu Revolution (Vienna, 1924), 229.
8. Alexander Maxwell, ‘The Handsome Man with Hungarian Moustache and Beard’, Cultural and Social History 12 (2015): 51–76 (63, 73).
9. О Ренане см. Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London, 1995), 95; Bärbel Kleindorfer-Marx, ‘Idee, mediale Vermittlung und Rezeption des Volkstrachten-Festzugs 1895 in München’, Bayerische Jahrbuch für Volkskunde 2017 (Munich, 2017), 117–139 (122–124); Alasdair Brooks and Natascha Mehler, ‘Kilts and Lederhosen: The Historical Archaeology of Nationalism in Scotland and Bavaria’, in The Country Where My Heart Is: Historical Archaeologies of Nationalism and National Identity, ed. A. Brooks and N. Mehler (Gainesville, 2017), 3–34.
10. Martyn Rady, ‘Politics and the Nation: Coffee and Alcohol’, 2019, https://www.academia.edu/40639207/POLITICS_AND_THE_NATION_COFFEE_AND_ALCOHOL. См. также Alexander Maxwell, ‘National Alcohol in Hungary’s Reform Era: Wine, Spirits, and the Patriotic Imagination’, Central Europe 12 (2014): 117–135.
11. Jak Ignjatovic, Der Serbe und seine Poesie (Bautzen, 1866), 18–20; Alexander Maxwell, ‘Nationalizing Sexuality: Sexual Stereotypes in the Habsburg Empire’, Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 3 (2005): 266–290.
12. Об Адаме Мицкевиче см. Pan Tadeusz or the Last Foray in Lithuania, trans. G. P. Noyes (London and Toronto, 1917), 70, 116–117, 244, 306; о венгерской кухне см. John Paget, Hungary and Transylvania, vol. 2 (Philadelphia, 1850), 261; о немецком характере см. W. Beatty-Kingston, Music and Manners: Personal Reminiscences and Sketches of Character, vol. 2 (London, 1887), 30.
13. H. Braun, ed., Czernowitz. Die Geschichte einer untergangenen Kulturmetropole, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 2005), 9.
14. О Санд и Шопене см. Adam Zamoyski, Chopin: The Prince of the Romantics (London, 2010), 205.
15. Tad Szulc, Chopin in Paris: The Life and Times of the Romantic Composer (New York, 1998), 98. «Испания хнычет» – см. Tim Blanning, The Triumph of Music: Composers, Musicians and Their Audiences, 1700 to the Present (London, 2008), 236.
16. О Вагнере см. Benjamin Curtis, Music Makes the Nation: Nationalist Composers and Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Amherst, NY, 2008), 57.
17. Krisztina Lajosi, ‘Hungarian Choral Societies and Sociability in the Nineteenth Century’, in Choral Societies and Nationalism in Europe, ed. K. Lajosi and A. Stynen (Boston and Leiden, 2018), 206–224. Об «Одеоне» см. Derek B. Scott, Sounds of the Metropolis: The Nineteenth-Century Popular Music Revolution in London, New York, Paris, and Vienna (Oxford, 2008), 45.
18. Karel Šima, T. Kavka, and H. Zimmerhaklová, ‘Choral Societies and the Nationalist Mobilization of Czechs in the Nineteenth Century’, in Lajosi and Stynen, Choral Societies and Nationalism in Europe, 187–205.
19. Oto Luthar, ‘The Slice of Desire: Intercultural Practices Versus National Loyalties’, in Understanding Multiculturalism: The Habsburg Central European Experience, ed. Johannes Feichtinger and Gary B. Cohen (New York and Oxford, 2014), 161–173 (166–167); Karin Almasy, ‘Postkartengeschichte (n). Der unterschätzte Quellenwert von handschriftlichen Spuren auf Postkarten’, in Bildspuren – Sprachspuren. Postkarten als Quellen zur Mehrsprachigkeit in der späten Habsburger Monarchie, ed. K. Almasy et al. (Bielefeld, 2020), 75–99.
20. Rok Stergar and Tamara Scheer, ‘Ethnic Boxes: The Unintended Consequences of Habsburg Bureaucratic Classification’, Nationalities Papers 46, no. 4 (2018): 575–591.
21. Az 1881. évi elején végrehajtott népszámlalás, vol. 1 (Budapest, 1882), 222–223; Az 1891. évi elején végrehajtott népszámlalás, vol. 1 (Budapest, 1893), 1. 115; Ágoston Berecz, The Politics of Early Language Teaching: Hungarian in the Primary Schools of the Late Dual Monarchy (Budapest, 2013), 25.
22. Statistisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein, Die Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 1867–1970 (Kiel, 1972), 259. Jason D. Hansen, Mapping the Germans: Statistical Science, Cartography, and the Visualization of the German Nation, 1848–1914 (Oxford, 2015), 36.
23. Richard Boeckh, Sprachkarte vom Preussischen Staat nach den Zählungs-Aufnahmen von 1861 (Berlin, 1864).
1. Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life (Oxford, 2011), 114.
2. См. ‘Otto von Bismarck’s Voice in 4 Languages (1889)’, Fadi Akil, видео YouTube, 0:45, March 11, 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xTnZ0u3cG0. Бисмарк зачитывает комедийные стишки на английском, латинском, немецком и французском.
3. Bismarck’s Table-Talk, ed. C. Lowe (London, 1895), 64–65.
4. Mike Clarke, ‘The First Steam Locomotives on the European Mainland’ (paper presented at First Early Railways Conference, Durham, 1998), www.mikeclarke.myzen.co.uk/Prussian%20Blenkinsop%20engine.pdf; Eric Dorn Brose, The Politics of Technological Change in Prussia: Out of the Shadow of Antiquity, 1809–1848 (Princeton, 1993), 210.
5. Steinberg, Bismarck, 174.
6. О Ротшильдах см. Steven Beller, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1815–1918 (Cambridge, 2018), 108.
7. О недовольстве см. Martyn Rady, Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum (Oxford, 2015), 224.
8. Ákos Szendrei, ‘Országgyűlési képviselők párthovatartozása és társadalmi háttere a dualizmuskori Debrecenben, Nagyváradon és közös vonzáskörzeteikben’, Aetas 31, no. 1 (2016): 76–94 (92).
9. Цитируется в László Péter, ‘The Hungarian Diætalis Tractatus and the Imperial Constitutional Systems: A Comparison’, Central Europe 6, no. 1 (2008): 47–64 (53).
10. Rady, Customary Law in Hungary, 235–236.
11. Martyn Rady, ‘Nonnisi in sensu legum? Decree and Rendelet in Hungary (1790–1914)’, Hungarian Historical Review 5, no. 1 (2016): 5–21.
12. Jakub S. Beneš, Workers and Nationalism: Czech and German Social Democracy in Habsburg Austria, 1890–1918 (Oxford, 2016), 25–26.
13. О внутреннем администрировании Хорватии см. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie für 1892 (Vienna, 1892), 960–982.
14. R. W. Seton-Watson, The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy (London, 1911), 98–99.
15. László Heka, ‘Khuen-Héderváry Károly horvát bán és magyar miniszterelnök a horvátok szemében’, Forum. Acta Juridica et Politica 6, no. 1 (2016): 45–58 (47).
16. Цитируется в Stjepan Matković, ‘Parliamentary Elections at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century in Croatia’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation 22, no. 1 (2002): 193–200 (197).
17. Agramer Zeitung, 22 July 1896, 1.
18. Agramer Zeitung, 19 December 1898, 2.
19. Dragan Damjanović, ‘In the Shadow of Budapest (and Vienna) – Architecture and Urban Development of Zagreb in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries’, Zeitschrift für Osteuropa-Forschung 67 (2018): 522–551. О недавнем пересмотре хорватами фигуры Куэна-Хедервари см. Željko Holjevac, ‘Mítosz és valóság között. Khuen-Héderváry Károly (1849–1918) horvát bán’, in Szorosadtól Rijekáig. Tanulmányok Bősze Sándor emlékére, ed. L. Mayer and G. Tilcsik (Budapest, 2015), 177–184.
20. Az ezeréves Magyarország és a milleniumi kiállitás, ed. Gyula Laurencic (Budapest, 1896), 141–144.
21. Eisenbahn-Zeitung. Organ des Club österreichischer Eisenbahn Beamten, 6 January 1895, 1–2; см. также Waltraud Heindl, Josephinische Mandarine. Bürokratie und Beamte in Österreich, vol. 2 (Vienna, Cologne, and Graz, 2013), 283.
22. Gyula Szekfű, Három Nemzedék. Egy hanyatló kor története (Budapest, 1920), 239, 259. Об австрийском пособии см. Waltraud Heindl, Josephinische Mandarine. Bürokratie und Beamte in Österreich, vol. 2 (Vienna, Cologne, and Graz, 2013), 277–278.
1. Hugh Seton-Watson and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981), 33.
2. Detmar Klein, ‘Folklore as a Weapon: National Identity in German-Annexed Alsace, 1890–1914’, in Folklore and Nationalism in Europe During the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. T. Baycroft and D. Hopkin (Leiden and Boston, 2012), 161–191.
3. Peter Haslinger, ‘How to Run a Multilingual Society: Statehood, Administration and Regional Dynamics in Austria-Hungary, 1867–1914’, in Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. J. Augusteijn and E. Storm (London, 2012), 111–128 (123).
4. Название площади изменили с Конской площади на Святовацлавскую площадь в январе 1850 года, а не 1848 года, как принято считать. См. Die Geissel. Tagblatt aller Tagblätter, 15 January 1850, 47.
5. О Канте («Критика суждения», 1790), см. Thomas Teufel, ‘The Impossibility of a “Newton of the Blade of Grass” in Kant’s Teleology’, in The Life Sciences in Early Modern Philosophy, ed. O. Nachtomy and J. E. H. Smith (Oxford, 2014), 47–61 (48).
6. Robert J. Richards, ‘The German Reception of Darwin’s Theory, 1860–1945’, in The Darwin Encyclopedia, ed. Michael Ruse (Cambridge, 2013), 235–242.
7. Peter Watson, The German Genius: Europe’s Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century (London, 2010), 428; ‘In nature’, см. Richard Weikart, ‘Progress Through Racial Extermination: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and Pacifism in Germany, 1860–1918’, German Studies Review 26, no. 2 (2003): 273–294 (277); о колониях размножения см. Willibald Hentschel, Mittgart. Ein Weg zur Erneuerung der germanischen Rasse (Leipzig, 1906).
8. Antony Herrmann, ‘The Ethnography of the Population’, in The Millennium of Hungary and Its People, ed. J. Jekelfalussy (Budapest, 1897), 390–411 (402, 405, 408).
9. Emese Lafferton, ‘The Magyar Moustache: The Faces of Hungarian State Formation, 1867–1918’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 (2007): 706–732.
10. Deutschland und seine Kolonien im Jahre 1896, ed. G. Meinecke (Berlin, 1897), 205–216; Vasárnapi Újság, 30 August 1896, 575.
11. Paul Weindling, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890–1945 (Oxford, 2010), 67.
12. О внешней характеристике проституток см. Dóra Vargha, ‘A bűn medikalizálása’, Budapesti Negyed 47–48 (2005): 166–198 (181).
13. О «моральном разложении» см. William Hirsch, Genie und Entartung (Berlin and Leipzig, 1894), 334–335; о Брожеке см. Michal Šimůnek, ‘Eugenics, Social Genetics and Racial Hygiene: Plans for the Scientific Regulation of Human Heredity in the Czech Lands, 1900–1925’, in Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940, ed. M. Turda and P. J. Weindling (Budapest and New York, 2007), 145–166 (147); Sarah Marks, ‘The Romani Minority, Coercive Sterilization, and Languages of Denial in the Czech Lands’, History Workshop Journal 84 (2017): 128–148.
14. Emil Mattauschek, ‘Einiges über die Degeneration des bosnischherzegowinischen Volkes’, Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 29 (1908): 134–148; Brigitte Fuchs, ‘Orientalizing Disease: Austro-Hungarian Policies of “Race”, Gender, and Hygiene in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1874–1914’, in Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945, ed. Christian Promitzer et al. (Budapest and New York, 2011), 57–85.
15. «Наш Господь» – см. Benjamin Madley, ‘From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe’, European History Quarterly 35, no. 3 (2005): 429–464 (436); о «Чтобы обеспечить мирное заселение» см. Paul Rohrbach, Deutsche Kolonialwirtschaft. Südwest-Afrika (Berlin-Schöneberg, 1907), 352.
16. О приказе об уничтожении (нем. Vernichtungsbefehl), см. Jeremy Sarkin, Germany’s Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldiers (Cape Town, 2011), 102; об endgültige Lösung см. Georg Hartmann, Die Zukunft Deutsch Südwestafrikas (Berlin, 1904), 21.
17. Цитата из Joseph Roth, The Wandering Jews (London, 2001), 22; Michael Brenner, A Short History of the Jews (Princeton and Oxford, 2010), 201–205.
18. Louise O. Vasvári, ‘Böske Simon, Miss Hungaria and Miss Europa (1929): Beauty Pageants and Packaging Gender, Race, and National Identity in Interwar Hungary’, Hungarian Cultural Studies 12 (2019): 193–238.
19. Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship (New York and Oxford, 1999), 338.
20. Roth, Wandering Jews, 122.
21. Jay Geller, The Other Jewish Question: Identifying the Jew and Making Sense of Modernity (New York, 2011), 99–112.
22. Menaghem Z. Rosensaft, ‘Jews and Antisemites in Austria at the End of the Nineteenth Century’, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 21, no. 1 (1976): 57–86 (68).
23. Figures are for Permanent Legal Residence. Given in US Department of Homeland Security, 2008 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC, 2009). О ремиграции см. Mark Wyman, Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880–1930 (Ithaca and London, 1993).
24. О «стервятнической идеологии» см. George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison, 2020), 210 (first published in 1978).
1. О британских взглядах на Центральную Европу см. William F. Bertolette, ‘British Identity and the German Other’ (PhD thesis, Louisiana State University, 2012), 143–183; Dimitrios Kassis, Descriptions of Germany in British Travel Literature (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2020).
2. О прогулках в Тироле и Богемии см. Provinzial-Gesetzsammlung von Tyrol und Vorarlberg für das Jahr 1816, vol. 3, part 2 (Innsbruck, 1823), 359–360; Sammlung der im Landesgesetz- und Regierungsblatte nicht erhaltenen Normalien (Prague, 1855), 315. О пистолетах см. John Murray and Sons, Handbook for Travellers in Southern Germany (London, 1837), 353.
3. Mark Hewitson, Germany and the Modern World, 1880–1914 (Cambridge, 2018), 298.
4. Marco Althaus, ‘Die Flottenlobby mit dem Propaganda-Kino’, Politikakommunikation, May 2012, 36–37.
5. John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941 (Cambridge, 2014), 309; о тике Туретта см. Christopher Clark, Prisoners of Time: Prussians, Germans and Other Humans (London, 2021), 115.
6. Alma Hannig, ‘Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Balkan Wars: A Diplomatic Struggle for Peace, Influence and Supremacy’, in The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13, ed. K. Boeckh and S. Rutar (New York and Oxford, 2018) 113–136 (123–124).
7. Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2011), 42–57.
8. Helmut von Moltke, Erinnerungen Briefe Dokumenten 1877–1916 (Stuttgart, 1922), 389.
9. Alexander Watson, The Fortress: The Great Siege of Przemysl (London, 2019), 37.
10. Christopher Chant, Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War I (Oxford, 2002), 50–54. Примечательно, что в дневнике Николая II эта встреча упоминается лишь вскользь. См. Dnevniki imperatora Nikolaya II, 1894–1918, vol. 2, ed. S. V. Mironenko (Moscow, 2013), 220. За эту ссылку благодарю Роберта Сервиса.
11. О «любителях устриц» см. Manfred Rauchensteiner, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2014), 759.
12. Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia During World War One (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1999), 19–32.
13. Robert T. Foley, German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (Cambridge, 2005), 149.
14. Sean McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power (Cambridge, MA, 2010), 288.
15. Richard L. DiNardo, ‘Modern Soldier in a Busby: August von Mackensen, 1914–1916’, in Arms and the Man: Military History Essays in Honor of Book Dennis Showalter, ed. M. S. Neiberg (Leiden and Boston, 2011), 131–167 (151).
16. Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present (Oxford, 2009), 135–137; Erinnerungsblätter deutscher Regimenter: 3. Kgl. Sächs. Husaren-Regiment Nr. 20 (Dresden, 1932), 110–129.
17. Der Land Ober Ost. Deutsche Arbeit in den Verwaltungsgebieten Kurland, Litauen und Bialystok-Grodno (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1917).
18. Hermann Bieder, ‘Weissrussland unter deutscher Militärverwaltung im Ersten Weltkrieg’, Studia Białorutenistyczne 9 (2015): 217–235; Führer durch die Ausstellung Wilnaer Arbeitsstuben (Vilnius, 1916), 9–12.
19. Joseph Redlich, Österreichische Regierung und Verwaltung im Weltkriege (Vienna, 1925), 120–241.
20. Maureen Healy, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I (Cambridge, 2004), 135–141. О войне в письмах см. Jiří Hutečka, ‘“There Is Nothing New Out Here!” A Case Study of Communication Strategies and Gender Dynamics in the First Alex World War Family Correspondence’, Theatrum Historiae 21 (2007): 167–193 (168–169).
21. Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914–1918 (London, 2014), 537 (adjusted). Benjamin Ziemann, Violence and the German Soldier in the Great War: Killing, Dying, Surviving (London, 2013), 93–156.
22. О цифрах см. Li Gerhalter and Ina Markova, ‘Geschlechterspezifische Un_Ordnungen in Österreich 1914–1920’, zeitgeschichte 48, no. 4 (2021): 481–504 (492); Rauchensteiner, First World War, 981; Hannes Leidinger and Verena Moritz, Der Erste Weltkrieg (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2011), 64. См. также Jakub S. Beneš, ‘The Green Cadres and the Collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918’, Past and Present 236 (2017): 207–241.
23. Max Weber, Economy and Society, ed. G. Roth and C. Wittich, vol. 2 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1978), 971–972.
1. Fritz Klein, ‘Between Compiègne and Versailles: The Germans on the Way from a Misunderstood Defeat to an Unwanted Peace’, in The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years, ed. M. F. Boemeke et al. (Cambridge, 1998), 203–220 (203).
2. Bogdan Krizman, ‘The Belgrade Armistice of 13 November 1918’, Slavonic and East European Review 48, no. 110 (1970): 67–87 (78–79).
3. Mark Cornwall, ‘National Reparation? The Czech Land Reform and Book the Sudeten Germans 1918–38’, Slavonic and East European Review 75, no. 2 (1997): 259–280 (272).
4. Robert Gerwarth, ‘Fighting the Red Beast: Counter-Revolutionary Violence in the Defeated States of Central Europe’, in War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War, ed. J. Horne and R. Gerwarth (Oxford, 2012), 52–71.
5. Alexander J. Motyl, ‘Ukrainian Nationalist Political Violence in Inter-War Poland, 1921–1939’, East European Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1985): 45–55.
6. Eberhard Kolb, Deutschland 1918–1933. Eine Geschichte der Weimarer Republik (Munich, 2010), 187.
7. Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars (Seattle and London, 1977), 80.
8. Peter Heumos, ‘Konfliktregelung und soziale Integration. Zur Struktur der Ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik’, Bohemia 30 (1989): 53–70.
9. Peter Bugge, ‘Czech Democracy 1918–1938 – Paragon or Parody?’, Bohemia 47 (2006–2007): 3–28.
10. Egbert Klautke, ‘The Urban Jungle: Americanism and the Jazz Age in Weimar Germany’, in Constructing America/Defining Europe, ed. J. Verheul et al. (Leiden and Boston, 2020); о «девушках Тиллера» см. Egbert Klautke, Unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten. Amerikanisierung in Deutschland und Frankreich (1900–1933) (Wiesbaden, 2003), 264–266.
11. О трубадурах см. Michael J. Schmidt, ‘Visual Music: Jazz, Synaesthesia and the History of the Senses in the Weimar Republic’, German History 32, no. 2 (2014): 201–223; о Буриане см. Brian Locke, ‘“The Periphery Is Singing Hit Songs”: The Globalization of American Jazz and Interwar Czech Avant-Garde’, American Music Research Center Journal 12 (2002): 25–55 (28).
12. О новом переводе см. John D. Boy of Simmel’s ‘The Metropolis and the Life of Spirit’ (Die Grossstädte und das Geistesleben), см. Journal of Classical Sociology 21, no. 2 (2021): 188–202. См. также Dietmar Jazbinsek, ‘The Metropolis and the Mental Life of Georg Simmel’, Journal of Urban History 30, no. 1 (2003): 102–125.
13. Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film, rev. ed. (Princeton and Oxford, 2004), 166.
14. Цитата из Frank Mehring, ‘Welcome to the Machine! The Representation of Technology in Zeitopern’, Cambridge Opera Journal 11, no. 2 (1999): 159–177 (163).
15. Bruno Schulz ‘The Street of Crocodiles’, in The Fictions of Bruno Schulz, trans. C. Wieniewska (Basingstoke and Oxford, 2012), 75.
16. Rainer Maria Rilke, Selected Poems, trans. S. Ransom and M. Sutherland (Oxford, 2011), 203.
17. Frigyes Karinthy, Utazás Faremidóba (Budapest, 1916).
18. Lynne Frame, ‘Gretchen, Girl, Garçonne? Weimar Science and Popular Culture in Search of the Ideal New Woman’, in Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, ed. K. von Ankum (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1997), 12–40.
19. Peter Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1993), 24.
20. Erika Hughes, ‘Art and Illegality on the Weimar Stage: The Dances of Celly de Rheydt, Anita Berber and Valeska Gert’, Journal of European Studies 39, no. 3 (2009): 320–335.
21. Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret, 228–257.
22. Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret, 243.
1. Jonathan Wright, ‘Locarno: A Democratic Peace?’, Review of International Studies 36, no. 2 (2010): 391–411.
2. О железнодорожных переездах см. Norman Stone, World War One: A Short History (London, 2007), 187.
3. Приводится в Elisabeth Barker, Austria 1918–1972 (London and Basingstoke, 1973), 106.
4. Vit Smetana, In the Shadow of Munich: British Policy Towards Czechoslovakia from the Endorsement to the Renunciation of the Munich Agreement (1938–1942) (Prague and Chicago, 2008), 44–45; Mark Cornwall, ‘The Czechoslovak Sphinx: “Moderate and Reasonable” Konrad Henlein’, in In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. R. Haynes and M. Rady (London and New York, 2011), 206–226.
5. О «мелких червях» см. Richard Overy, The Origins of the Second World War, 3rd ed. (Abingdon and New York, 2008), 122.
6. Paul D. Quinlan, ‘The Tilea Affair: A Further Inquiry’, Balkan Studies 19 (1978): 147–157; Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 1 (Boston, 1948), 311.
7. Leo Leixner, Von Lemberg (Munich, 1942), 10. О «величайшем политическом преступлении» см. Lord Macaulay, History of England, vol. 8 (New York, 1876), 141.
8. Czesław Madajczyk, ‘Einleitung’, in Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan, ed. C. Madajczyk (Munich, 1994), v-xxi (v-vii); об описании Геббельса см. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. E. Fröhlich, vol. 8 (Munich, 1998), 406 (5 November 1940).
9. Saul Friedländer, Das Dritte Reich und die Juden, 2nd ed. (Munich,2006), 582.
10. Sybil H. Milton, ‘“Gypsies” as Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany’, in Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany, ed. R. Gellately and N. Stoltzfus (Princeton and Oxford, 2001), 212–232.
11. ‘Extracts from Journal and Office Records of Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland, 1939–1944’, Office of US Chief of Counsel, PS-2233, Harvard Law School Library, Nuremberg Trials Project.
12. Oded Heilbronner, ‘German or Nazi Antisemitism?’, in The Historiography of the Holocaust, ed. D. Stone (Basingstoke and New York, 2004), 9–23.
13. Horst Krüger, The Broken House: Growing Up Under Hitler, trans. S. Whiteside (London, 2021), 6–7.
14. См. Peter G. J. Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (New York, London, and Sydney, 1964), 293–294.
15. Yehuda Slutsky et al., ‘Numerus Clausus’, in Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 15 (Chicago, 2007), 339–343; Natalia Aleksiun, ‘Jewish Students and Christian Corpses in Interwar Poland: Playing with the Language of Blood Libel’, Jewish History 26, nos. 3–4 (2012): 327–342.
16. Jan T. Gross, Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001). Количесво евреев, убитых в Едвабне, оспаривается.
17. John-Paul Himka, ‘The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd’, Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue canadienne des slavistes 53, nos. 2–4 (2011): 209–243.
18. Отчет Франка от 16 декабря 1941 года представлен в ‘Extracts from journal and office records of Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland, 1939–1944’, Office of US Chief of Counsel, PS-2233, Harvard Law School Library, Nuremberg Trials Project.
19. Jane Caplan, ‘Jetzt judenfrei.’ Writing Tourism in Nazi-Occupied Poland (London, 2012).
20. Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (London, 2012), 234–236.
21. О Гиммлере см. Helmut Krausnick, ‘Denkschrift Himmlers über die Behandlung der Fremdvölkischen im Osten (Mai 1940)’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 5, no. 2 (1957): 194–198.
22. Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (Bloomington, 2013), 3; Martyn Rady, ‘Ferenc Szálasi, “Hungarism” and the Arrow Cross’, in In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. R. Haynes and M. Rady (London and New York, 2011), 261–277; Regina Fritz and Catherine Novak-Rainer, ‘Inside the Ghetto: Everyday Life in Hungarian Ghettos’, Hungarian Historical Review 4, no. 3 (2015): 606–640.
23. Ronald J. Berger, ‘The “Banality of Evil” Reframed: The Social Construction of the “Final Solution” to the “Jewish Problem”’, Sociological Quarterly 34, no. 4 (1993): 597–618.
Walter Stier, transcript of the Shoah interview by Claude Lanzmann, 1978–1981, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://collections.ushmm.org/film_findingaids/RG-60.5064_01_trl_en.pdf
Gyula Sáfár, ‘A Békés megyei zsidó vagyon sorsa 1944-ben’, in A holokauszt Békés megyei történeteiből, ed. A. Erdész and T. Kovács (Gyula, 2014), 87–99.
Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience (New York, 1983), 162, 229.
Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London, 1977), 135–137.
1. Tom Lorman, ‘Rákosi in London’, Journal of the Islington Archaeology and History Society 3, no. 3 (2013): 14–15; Délmagyarország, 22 June 1946, 1.
2. О Варге см. Kyung Deok Roh, ‘Rethinking the Varga Controversy, 1941–1953’, Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 5 (2011): 833–855.
3. Paul Lendvai, One Day That Shook the World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy (Princeton, 2008), 30–34.
4. О борцах с коммунизмом в Трансильвании см. Dorin Dobrincu, ‘Rezistenţa armată anticomunistă din Munţii Făgăraş – versantul nordic’, Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Bariţiu: Series Historica 46 (2007): 433–502.
5. Hugo Service, Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing After the Second World War (Cambridge, 2013), 215–221; Levente Orosz, ‘Antiszemitizmus Erdélyben a holokauszt után’, Tanulmányok a Holokausztról, ed. R. Braham (Budapest, 2019), 237–256.
6. Gwénola Sebaux, ‘(Spät-) Aussiedler aus Rumänien’, in (Spät-) Aussiedler in der Migrationsgesellschaft (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Informationen zur politische Bildung, 340, 2019), online resource.
7. О количестве депортированных см. Joseph B. Schechtman, ‘Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: A Survey’, Review of Politics 15, no. 2 (1953): 151–178.
8. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, vol. 1, part 1 (Charlottesville and London, 2010), 254.
9. О «бухгалтерских единицах» см. Ota Šik, Plan and Market Under Socialism (Abingdon and Oxford, 2018), 32 (first published in 1967). Информацией о роли Economist Intelligence Unit я обязан покойному Алану Смиту.
10. Maciej Tymiński, ‘Local Nomenklatura in Communist Poland: The Case of the Warsaw Voivodship (1956–1970)’, Europe-Asia Studies 69, no. 5 (2017): 709–727.
11. Étienne Forestier-Peyrat and Kristy Ironside, ‘The Communist World of Public Debt (1917–1991): The Failure of a Countermodel?’, in A World of Public Debts: A Political History, ed. N. Barreyre and N. Delalande (Cham, 2020), 317–345 (325).
12. Balázs Apor, The Invisible Shining: The Cult of Mátyás Rákosi in Stalinist Hungary, 1945–1956 (Budapest and New York, 2017), 166.
13. David S. Mason, ‘Membership of the Polish United Workers Party’, Polish Review 27, nos. 3–4 (1982): 138–153; Gil Eyal and Eleanor Townsley, ‘The Social Composition of the Communist Nomenklatura: A Comparison of Russia, Poland, and Hungary’, Theory and Society 24, no. 5 (1995): 723–750.
14. Ivan Volgyes, ‘Social Change in Communist Eastern Europe: Hungary in a Comparative Perspective’, Comparative Southeast European Studies 32, no. 6 (1983): 334–343; о новом дворянстве см. George Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York and London, 1979), 190.
15. Václav Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, ed. John Keane (London and New York, 2015), 27–28.
16. О съезде 28 октября 1956 года см. C. Békés et al., eds., The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents (Budapest and New York, 2002), 273–283.
17. C. Békés et al., 1956 Hungarian Revolution, 307.
18. Zsuzsanna Vajda and László Eörsi, ‘Saints of the Streets: The Participants in 1956’, in Resistance, Rebellion and Revolution in Hungary and Central Europe: Commemorating 1956, ed. L. Péter and M. Rady (London, 2008), 227–237.
19. Joseph Rothschild and Nancy M. Wingfield, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II, 4th ed. (New York and Oxford, 2008), 164.
1. Kieran Williams, The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 (Cambridge, 1997), 6.
2. Filip Pospíšil, ‘Youth Cultures and the Disciplining of Czechoslovak Youth in the 1960s’, Social History 37, no. 4 (2012): 477–500 (479).
3. Цитата из Pospíšil, ‘Youth Cultures’, 477–500 (493).
4. Robert B. Pynsent, ‘Václav Havel: A Heart in the Right Place’, East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 32, no. 2 (2018): 334–352.
5. Jan Kavan, ‘Czechoslovakia 1968: Revolt or Reform? 1968—a Year of Hope and Non-Understanding’, Critique 36, no. 2 (2008): 289–301.
6. Richard Lowenthal, ‘The Sparrow in the Cage’, Problems of Communism 17, no. 6 (1968): 2–28 (16–17).
7. Fred H. Eidlin, The Logic of ‘Normalization’: The Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia (Boulder and New York, 1980), 72.
8. Williams, Prague Spring, 40–41.
9. Barbara Day, Trial by Theatre: Reports on Czech Drama (Prague, 2019), 204–205.
10. Janina Frentzel-Zagorska, ‘The Dominant Political Culture in Poland’, Politics 20, no. 1 (1985): 82–98 (97).
11. Siobhan Doucette, Books Are Weapons: The Polish Opposition Press and the Overthrow of Communism (Pittsburgh, 2017), 34–51.
12. J. L. Curry, ed., The Black Book of Polish Censorship (New York, 1984).
13. Krzysztof Lesiakowski, ‘Professional Negligence, Mismanagement and Malpractice: Polish Companies in the Light of Supreme Audit Office Materials in the Years 1976–1980’, Studiae Historiae Oeconomicae 34 (2016): 149–165.
14. Jost Hermand, Kultur im Wiederaufbau. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945–1965 (Munich, 1986), 242.
15. Patrick Major, The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956 (Oxford, 1998), 262–292.
16. Der Spiegel, no. 35 (1981), online resource; Der Rote Stachel – Sammelflugblatt der KPD/Marxisten-Leninisten, Sektion DDR, October 1979.
Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse, Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City (London, 2003), 6; Milan Kundera, ‘The Tragedy of Central Europe’, New York Review of Books 31, no. 7 (26 April 1984), https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1984/04/26/the-tragedy-of-central-europe/
Matthew J. Ouimet, ‘National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland, 1980–1981: Interpreting the Collapse of the Brezhnev Doctrine’, SEER 78, no. 4 (2008): 710–734 (734).
Личный разговор автора с вице-премьером Имре Пожгаи, октябрь 1989 года.
Hans-Hermann Hertle, Der Fall der Mauer. Die unbeabsichtigte Selbstauflösung des SED-Staates (Opladen, 1996), 182–183.
1. The State of Europe: Christmas Eve 1989’, Granta 30: The New Europe, 2 February 1990, https://granta.com/the-state-of-europe-christmas-eve-1989/
2. Tom Dickins, ‘Folk-Spectrum Music as an Expression of Alterity in “Normalization” Czechoslovakia (1969–89): Context, Constraints and Characteristics’, SEER 95 (2017): 648–690. For Reed, see Reggie Nadelson, Comrade Rockstar: The Story of the Search for Dean Reed (London, 2004).
3. Robert Hudson, ‘Songs of Seduction: Popular Music and Serbian Nationalism’, Patterns of Prejudice 37 (2003): 157–176; Robert Rigney, ‘The Resurgence of Turbofolk’, New Presence, no. 2 (2011): 111–123; Rory Archer, ‘Assessing Turbofolk Controversies: Popular Music Between the Nation and the Balkans’, Southeastern Europe 36 (2012): 178–207.
4. Alexei Monroe, Interrogation Machine: Laibach and NSK (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2005), 69, 235.
5. Monroe, Interrogation Machine, 239.
6. Marc De Kesel, ‘Act Without Denial: Slavoj Žižek on Totalitarianism, Revolution and Political Act’, Studies in East European Thought 56 (2004): 299–334; Simon Paul Bell, ‘Laibach and the NSK: An East-West Nexus in Post-totalitarian Eastern Europe’ (PhD thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014), 190.
7. Daphne Berdahl, On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, Consumption, Germany (Bloomington, 2010), 93.
8. M. Kaser, ‘Post-Communist Privatization: Flaws in the Treuhand Model’, Acta Oeconomica 48 (1996): 59–76. О словах Нормана Стоуна см. Adam Burgess, Divided Europe: The New Domination of the East (London, 1997), 28.
9. Daphne Berdahl, On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, Consumption, Germany (Bloomington, 2010), 96–98.
10. Ben Gook, ‘Backdating German Neoliberalism: Ordoliberalism, the German Model and Economic Experiments in Eastern Germany After 1989’, Journal of Sociology 54 (2018): 33–48.
11. Ada Madariaga, ‘The Politics of Neoliberalism (in Europe’s Periphery)’, Comparative European Politics 17 (2019): 797–811.
12. Philipp Ther, Europe Since 1989: A History (Princeton and Oxford, 2016), 113, 143.
13. The advertisement is available on www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjXl61uKq8c (‘Raiffeisen Bank TV-Ad: Easy [Sub-prime]. Loans in Hungary, 2007’, Dominik Schnitzer, YouTube video, 0:34).
14. Matt Apuzzo, ‘Populist Politicians Exploit EU Aid, Reaping Millions’, New York Times (New York edition), 3 November 2019, A1.
15. Об оценке Мальмстрем см. ‘€120 Billion Lost to Corruption in EU Each Year’, EUobserver (online edition), 6 March 2013.
16. Tim Haughton and Kevin Deegan-Krause, ‘Hurricane Season: Systems of Instability in Central and East European Party Politics’, East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 29 (2015): 61–80.
1. J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova, vol. 24 (Venice, 1780), cols. 110–112.
2. US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, vol. 25: Eastern Europe (Washington DC, 1990), 494.
3. Martyn Rady, ‘Self-Determination and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 19, no. 2 (1996): 379–390.