1. Karina Schumann, Jamil Zaki, and Carol S. Dweck, “Addressing the Empathy Deficit: Beliefs About the Malleability of Empathy Predict Effortful Responses When Empathy Is Challenging”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 3 (2014): 475– 93.
2. Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “Emotional and Instrumental Support Provision Interact to Predict Well-Being”, Emotion 15, no. 4 (2015): 484– 93.
3. Эта цитата, как и многие другие в книге, взята из материалов, которыми поделились семья и друзья Эмиля. В данном случае это заслуга Шона Корнхаузера, который записал выступление Эмиля вскоре после постановки диагноза; см. Annenberg School for Communication, “Emile: The Mission of Emile Bruneau of the Peace and Conflict Neuroscience Lab”, YouTube, October 9, 2020. Всех остальных, внесших вклад в упоминание Эмиля в этой книге, можно найти здесь в примечаниях и в благодарностях.
4. Jeneen Interlandi, “The World Lost Emile Bruneau When We Needed Him Most”, New York Times, November 2, 2020.
5. White House Historical Association, “Racial Tension in the 1970s”, accessed October 11, 2023, https://www.whitehousehistory.org/racial-tension-in-the-1970s.
6. Вероятно, что на изменение показателя повлияло также включение в выборку опросов GSS новых демографических групп. Например, белые мужчины среднего класса будут охотнее доверять американской экономической системе, чем группы людей, исторически считающиеся маргиналами. И правда, некоторые группы (например, афроамериканцы), по опросам GSS выказывают меньше доверия. Но мы с командой провели собственный анализ данных GSS и подтвердили, что доверие снижалось даже при учете расы, пола, возраста и дохода. Это также подтверждает анализ 2011 года, согласно которому снижение показателя доверия связно не с добавлением в выборку маргинализированных групп населения, а с фактическим снижением доверия среди белых респондентов. Rima Wilkes, “Re-Thinking the Decline in Trust: A Comparison of Black and White Americans”, Social Science Research 40, no. 6 (2011): 1596–1610.
7. Edelman, “2022 Edelman Trust Barometer”, accessed October 11, 2023, https://www.edelman.com/trust/2022-trust-barometer.
8. Gallup, “Confidence in Institutions”.
9. B. Kent Houston and Christine R. Vavak, “Cynical Hostility: Developmental Factors, Psychosocial Correlates, and Health Behaviors”, Health Psychology 10 (1991): 9– 17.
10. Susan A. Everson et al., “Hostility and Increased Risk of Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Mediating Role of Behavioral Risk Factors”, American Journal of Epidemiology 146, no. 2 (1997): 142– 52.
11. Tarja Heponiemi et al., “The Longitudinal Effects of Social Support and Hostility on Depressive Tendencies”, Social Science & Medicine 63, no. 5 (2006): 1374– 82.
12. Ilene C. Siegler et al., “Patterns of Change in Hostility from College to Midlife in the UNC Alumni Heart Study Predict High-Risk Status”, Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 5 (2003): 738– 45.
13. Olga Stavrova and Daniel Ehlebracht, “Cynical Beliefs About Human Nature and Income: Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Analyses”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 1 (2016): 116–32.
14. Nancy L. Carter and Jutta Weber, “Not Pollyannas”, Social Psychological and Personality Science 1, no. 3 (2010): 274–79.
15. Toshio Yamagishi, Masako Kikuchi, and Motoko Kosugi, “Trust, Gullibility, and Social Intelligence”, Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2, no. 1 (1999): 145–61.
16. Victoria Bell et al., “When Trust Is Lost: The Impact of Interpersonal Trauma on Social Interactions”, Psychological Medicine 49, no. 6 (2018): 1041–46.
17. Daniel Nettle and Rebecca Saxe, “‘If Men Were Angels, No Government Would Be Necessary’: The Intuitive Theory of Social Motivation and Preference for Authoritarian Leaders”, Collabra 7, no. 1 (2021): 28105.
18. Luiza A. Santos et al., “Belief in the Utility of Cross-Partisan Empathy Reduces Partisan Animosity and Facilitates Political Persuasion”, Psychological Science 33, no. 9 (2022): 1557–73.
19. Douglas Cairns, “Can We Find Hope in Ancient Greek Philosophy? Elpis in Plato and Aristotle”, in Emotions Across Cultures: Ancient China and Greece, ed. David Konstan (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022), 41–74.
20. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter, 1893.
21. Диоген не был первым киником, этот титул принадлежит Антисфену, ученику Сократа. Но Диоген популяризировал философию кинизма и является на сегодняшний день самым известным ее представителем. См. Ansgar Allen, Cynicism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020);
22. и Arthur C. Brooks, “We’ve Lost the True Meaning of Cynicism”, Atlantic, May 23, 2022.
23. Diogenes, Sayings and Anecdotes: With Other Popular Moralists, trans. Robin Hard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
24. Больше информации о Диогене и кинизме вы найдете у Луиса Э. Навии, рекомендую книги: Luis E. Navia, Diogenes the Cynic: The War Against the World (Amherst, NY: Humanities Press, 2005);
25. и Luis E. Navia, Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study (New York: Bloomsbury, 1996).
26. A. Jesse Jiryu Davis, “Why Did Master Rinzai Slap Jo?”, EmptySquare Blog, April 15, 2018.
27. John Moles, “‘Honestius Quam Ambitiosius’? An Exploration of the Cynic’s Attitude to Moral Corruption in His Fellow Men”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 103 (1983): 103–23.
28. David Mazella, The Making of Modern Cynicism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007).
29. Walter Wheeler Cook and Donald M. Medley, “Proposed Hostility and Pharisaic-Virtue Scales for the MMPI”, Journal of Applied Psychology 38, no. 6 (1954): 414–18.
30. Более подробно см. здесь: John C. Barefoot et al., “The Cook-Medley Hostility Scale: Item Content and Ability to Predict Survival”, Psychosomatic Medicine 51, no. 1 (1989): 46–57;
31. и здесь: Timo thy W. Smith and Karl D. Frohm, “What’s So Unhealthy About Hostility? Construct Validity and Psychosocial Correlates of the Cook and Medley Ho Scale”, Health Psychology 4, no. 6 (1985): 503– 20.
32. John C. Barefoot et al., “Hostility Patterns and Health Implications: Correlates of Cook-Medley Hostility Scale Scores in a National Survey”, Health Psychology 10, no. 1 (1991): 18–24.
33. Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, “Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health”, Psycho logical Bulletin 103, no. 2 (1988): 193–210.
34. Eric Neumann and Jamil Zaki, “Toward a Social Psychology of Cynicism”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27, no. 1 (2023): 1–3.
35. Kwok Leung et al., “Social Axioms”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33, no. 3 (2002): 286–302.
36. Morris Rosenberg, “Misanthropy and Political Ideology”, American Sociological Review 21, no. 6 (1956): 690–95.
37. Lawrence S. Wrightsman, “Measurement of Philosophies of Human Nature”, Psychological Reports 14, no. 3 (1964): 743–51.
38. Clayton R. Critcher and David Dunning, “No Good Deed Goes Unquestioned: Cynical Reconstruals Maintain Belief in the Power of Self-Interest”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 6 (2011): 1207–13.
39. Ana Maria Vranceanu, Linda C. Gallo, and Laura M. Bogart, “Hostility and Perceptions of Support in Ambiguous Social Interactions”, Journal of Individual Differences 27, no. 2 (2006): 108–15.
40. Подобные циничные представления особенно распространены среди людей, наделенных властью, которые подозревают всех (коллег, друзей и даже супругов) в том, что те хотят навредить. См. M. Ena Inesi, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Adam D. Galinsky, “How Power Corrupts Relationships: Cynical Attributions for Others’ Generous Acts”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4 (2012): 795–803.
41. Более формальное, классическое определение доверия из наук о поведении звучит так: «психологическое состояние, в котором человек принимает уязвимость на основе положительных ожиданий от действий другого человека». См. Denise M. Rousseau et al., “Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust”, Academy of Management Review 23, no. 3 (1998): 393–404.
42. Karen S. Cook et al., “Trust Building via Risk Taking: A Cross-Societal Experiment”, Social Psychology Quarterly 68, no. 2 (2005): 121–42.
43. Jenny Kurman, “What I Do and What I Think They Would Do: Social Axioms and Behaviour”, European Journal of Personality 25, no. 6 (2011): 410–23.
44. Theodore M. Singelis et al., “Convergent Validation of the Social Axioms Survey”, Personality and Individual Differences 34, no. 2 (2003): 269–82.
45. Kurt Vonnegut, Wampeters, Foma, and Granfalloons (Opinions) (New York: Delacorte Press, 1974).
46. Pedro Neves, “Organizational Cynicism: Spillover Effects on Supervisor—Subordinate Relationships and Performance”, Leadership Quarterly 23, no. 5 (2012): 965–76.
47. Chia-Jung Tsay, Lisa L. Shu, and Max H. Bazerman, “Naïveté and Cynicism in Negotiations and Other Competitive Contexts”, Academy of Manage ment Annals 5, no. 1 (2011): 495–518.
48. Tarja Heponiemi et al., “The Longitudinal Effects of Social Support and Hostility on Depressive Tendencies”, Social Science & Medicine 63, no. 5 (2006): 1374–82.
49. Ilene C. Siegler et al., “Patterns of Change in Hostility from College to Midlife in the UNC Alumni Heart Study Predict High-Risk Status”, Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 5 (2003): 738–45.
50. Olga Stavrova and Daniel Ehlebracht, “Cynical Beliefs About Human Nature and Income: Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Analyses”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 1 (2016): 116–32.
51. Конечно, нет такого, что ради исследования человека превращают в циника, а потом смотрят, как складывается его жизнь. Цинизм как будто коррелирует с трудностями, но нельзя утверждать по одной работе, что одно вытекает из другого. Также связь между цинизмом и отсутствием благополучия в жизни нельзя объяснить расой, полом или доходом людей. Возможно, цинизм сам по себе не разрушает нашу жизнь, но и лучше ее тоже не делает. См. Susan A. Everson et al., “Hostility and Increased Risk of Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Mediating Role of Behavioral Risk Factors”, American Journal of Epidemiology 146, no. 2 (1997): 142–52.
52. John C. Barefoot, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and Redford B. Williams, “Hostility, CHD Incidence, and Total Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study of 255 Physicians”, Psychosomatic Medicine 45, no. 1 (1983): 59–63.
53. Jerry Suls, “Anger and the Heart: Perspectives on Cardiac Risk, Mechanisms and Interventions”, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 55, no. 6 (2013): 538–47.
54. Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, “Trust”, Our World in Data, July 22, 2016.
55. John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, and Shun Wang, “New Evidence on Trust and Well-Being” (working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1, 2016).
56. John F. Helliwell, “Well-Being and Social Capital: Does Suicide Pose a Puzzle?”, Social Indicators Research 81, no. 3 (2006): 455–96.
57. John F. Helliwell and Shun Wang, “Trust and Well-Being” (working paper, Research Papers in Economics, April 1, 2010).
58. Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack, “Trust and Growth”, Economic Journal 111, no. 470 (2001): 295–321.
59. Etsuko Yasui, “Community Vulnerability and Capacity in Post-Disaster Recovery: The Cases of Mano and Mikura Neighbourhoods in the Wake of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake” (PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2007), в том числе таблица 7.3 на стр. 226.
60. Вообще Кобе разделен на девять областей, иначе «районов», и те, где был более высокий уровень доверия до землетрясения, восстановились быстрее. См. Daniel P. Aldrich, “The Power of People: Social Capital’s Role in Recovery from the 1995 Kobe Earthquake”, Natural Hazards 56, no. 3 (2010): 595–611.
61. John F. Helliwell et al. (eds.), World Happiness Report 2022 (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2022).
62. Jacob Dearmon and Kevin Grier, “Trust and Development”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 71, no. 2 (2009): 210–20.
63. Oguzhan C. Dincer and Eric M. Uslaner, “Trust and Growth”, Public Choice 142, no. 1–2 (2009): 59–67.
64. Опросы, проведенные в США и трех европейских странах до и во время пандемии показали, что удовлетворенность людей политической системой своей страны, национальная гордость и поддержка демократии снизились в 2020 году. См. Alexander Bor et al., “The Covid-19 Pandemic Eroded System Support but Not Social Solidarity”, PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023).
65. Dasl Yoon, “Highly Vaccinated South Korea Can’t Slow Down COVID-19”, Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2021.
66. Kristen de Groot, “South Korea’s Response to COVID-19: Lessons for the Next Pandemic”, Penn Today, October 14, 2022.
67. Henrikas Bartusevičius et al., “The Psychological Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Associated with Antisystemic Attitudes and Political Violence”, Psychological Science 32, no. 9 (2021): 1391–403.
68. Marie Fly Lindholt et al., “Public Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines: Cross-National Evidence on Levels and Individual-Level Predictors Using Observational Data”, BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (2021): e048172.
69. Thomas J. Bollyky et al., “Pandemic Preparedness and COVID-19: An Exploratory Analysis of Infection and Fatality Rates, and Contextual Factors Associated with Preparedness in 177 Countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to Sept 30, 2021”, Lancet 399, no. 10334 (2022): 1489–1512.
70. William Litster Bruneau, The Bidet: Everything There Is to Know from the First and Only Book on the Bidet, an Elegant Solution for Comfort, Health, Happiness, Ecology, and Economy (self-pub., 2020), 196.
71. Эти библиографические данные взяты из писем Стефани Бруно.
72. Emile Bruneau, “Atticus and Parenting – Clarity” (электронный документ, предоставленный Стефани Бруно, March 4, 2023).
73. Джанет Льюис, член команды по регби, которую тренировал Эмиль, и его частая спутница в путешествиях, личная беседа, 13.12.2022.
74. Джефф Фройнд, товарищ Эмиля по игре в регби и по студенческому братству, личное общение, 13.12.2022.
75. Emile Bruneau et al., “Increased Expression of Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase mRNA in the Thalamus in Schizophrenia”, Schizophrenia Research 75, no. 1 (2005): 27–34.
76. Emile Bruneau et al., “Denying Humanity: The Distinct Neural Correlates of Blatant Dehumanization”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 7 (2018): 1078–93.
77. Emile Bruneau, Nicholas Dufour, and Rebecca Saxe, “Social Cognition in Members of Conflict Groups: Behavioural and Neural Responses in Arabs, Israelis and South Americans to Each Other’s Misfor tunes”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (2012): 717–30.
78. Эмили Фальк, научный коллега и наставник Эмиля, личное общение, 6.12.2022.
79. Alan Fontana et al., “Cynical Mistrust and the Search for Self-Worth”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33, no. 4 (1989): 449–56.
80. Geoffrey L. Cohen, Joshua Aronson, and Claude M. Steele, “When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 9 (2000): 1151–64.
81. Joshua Correll, Steven J. Spencer, and Mark P. Zanna, “An Affirmed Self and an Open Mind: Self-Affirmation and Sensitivity to Argument Strength”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, no. 3 (2004): 350–56.
82. Sander Thomaes et al., “Arousing ‘Gentle Passions’ in Young Adolescents: Sustained Experimental Effects of Value Affirma tions on Prosocial Feelings and Behaviors”, Developmental Psychology 48, no. 1 (2012): 103–10.
83. Olga Stavrova and Daniel Ehlebracht, “The Cynical Genius Illusion: Exploring and Debunking Lay Beliefs About Cynicism and Competence”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2019): 254–69.
84. Nancy L. Carter and Jutta Weber, “Not Pollyannas”, Social Psychological and Personality Science 1, no. 3 (2010).
85. Люди не просто считают, что цинизм определяет ум человека, они также называют умных циниками. В одном из исследований участники предположили, что компетентные люди не хотят идти на контакт, тогда как некомпетентные – без исключения мягкие и пушистые. См. Charles M. Judd et al., “Fundamental Dimensions of Social Judgment: Understanding the Relations Between Judgments of Competence and Warmth”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89, no. 6 (2005): 899–913.
86. Deborah Son Holoien and Susan T. Fiske, “Downplaying Positive Impressions: Compensation Between Warmth and Competence in Impression Management”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 1 (2013): 33–41.
87. Еще одно исследование, в котором в течение нескольких лет наблюдали за более десятью тысячами британских детей, доказало, что более умные дети, как правило, становятся менее циничными взрослыми. Но это не какая-то привилегия. Когда студенты поступают в университет, они такие же циничные, как и те, кто не получает высшее образование. Просто образование само по себе повышает уровень доверия. См. Toshio Yamagishi, Trust: The Evolutionary Game of Mind and Society (New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).
88. Noah Carl and Francesco C. Billari, “Generalized Trust and Intelligence in the United States”, PLOS ONE 9, no. 3 (2014): e91786.
89. Olga Stavrova and Daniel Ehlebracht, “Education as an Antidote to Cynicism”, Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 1 (2017): 59–69.
90. Patrick Sturgis, Sanna Read, and Nick Allum, “Does Intelligence Foster Generalized Trust? An Empirical Test Using the UK Birth Cohort Studies”, Intelligence 38, no. 1 (2010): 45–54.
91. Ken J. Rotenberg, Michael J. Boulton, and Claire L. Fox, “Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relations Among Children’s Trust Beliefs, Psychological Maladjustment and Social Relationships: Are Very High as Well as Very Low Trusting Children at Risk?”, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33, no. 5 (2005): 595–610.
92. Юмористический пример такого суда есть в первом эпизоде сериала «Звездный путь: Следующее поколение» (Star Trek: The Next Generation), где всемогущее существо преследует человечество за его многочисленные моральные проступки, а Жан-Люк Пикар (Патрик Стюарт) выступает в защиту.
93. Интеллектуальная скромность – лишь один из компонентов мудрости, еще она включает в себя принятие точек зрения других и поиск знаний. См. Mengxi Dong, Nic M. Weststrate, and Marc A. Fournier, “Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research: What We Know About the Correlates of an Ancient Concept”, Perspectives on Psychological Science 18, no. 4 (2022): 778–811.
94. Igor Grossmann et al., “The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns”, Psychological Inquiry 31, no. 2 (2020): 103–33.
95. Мое сочетание любопытства и скептицизма согласуется с исследованиями как интеллектуальной скромности, так и мудрости. См. Tenelle Porter et al., “Predictors and Consequences of Intellectual Humility”, Nature Reviews Psychology 1, no. 9 (2022): 524–36.
96. D. Alan Bensley et al., “Skepticism, Cynicism, and Cognitive Style Predictors of the Generality of Unsubstantiated Belief”, Applied Cognitive Psychology 36, no. 1 (2022): 83–99.
97. Büşra Elif Yelbuz, Ecesu Madan, and Sinan Alper, “Reflective Thinking Predicts Lower Conspiracy Beliefs: A Meta-Analysis”, Judgment and Decision Making 17, no. 4 (2022): 720–44.
98. Я изменил имя и другие данные, чтобы защитить конфиденциальность личности Меган. Я брал у нее интервью 29 марта 2022 и 6 января 2023, чтобы уточнить детали истории, о которой узнал из постов в социальных сетях за 2020 год.
99. Karen M. Douglas et al., “Understanding Conspiracy Theories”, Political Psychology 40, no. S1 (2019): 3–35.
100. Jakub Šrol, Eva Ballová Mikušková, and Vladimíra Čavojová, “When We Are Worried, What Are We Thinking? Anxiety, Lack of Control, and Conspiracy Beliefs Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Applied Cognitive Psychology 35, no. 3 (2021): 720–29.
101. Ricky Green and Karen M. Douglas, “Anxious Attachment and Belief in Conspiracy Theories”, Personality and Individual Differences 125 (2018): 30–37.
102. Mary D. Salter Ainsworth et al., Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl baum, 1978).
103. Mario Mikulincer, “Attachment Working Models and the Sense of Trust: An Exploration of Interaction Goals and Affect Regulation”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 5 (1998): 1209–24.
104. Kenneth N. Levy and Benjamin N. Johnson, “Attachment and Psychotherapy: Implications from Empirical Research”, Canadian Psychology 60, no. 3 (2019): 178–93.
105. Anton Philipp Martinez et al., “Mistrust and Negative Self-Esteem: Two Paths from Attachment Styles to Paranoia”, Psychology and Psychotherapy 94, no. 3 (2020): 391–406.
106. Sara Konrath et al., “Changes in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students over Time”, Personality and Social Psychology Review 18, no. 4 (2014): 326–48.
107. R. Chris Fraley et al., “The Experiences in Close Relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A Method for Assessing Attachment Orientations Across Relationships”, Psychological Assessment 23, no. 3 (2011): 615–25.
108. Chris R. Fraley and Glenn I. Roisman, “The Development of Adult Attachment Styles: Four Lessons”, Current Opinion in Psychology 25 (2019): 26–30.
109. Jaakko Tammilehto et al., “Dynamics of Attachment and Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: Uni-and Bidirectional Associations”, Cognition & Emotion 36, no. 6 (2022): 1109–31.
110. Этот пример подробно описан в отличной статье о чрезмерном обобщении: Brian van Meurs et al., “Maladaptive Behavioral Consequences of Conditioned Fear-Generalization: A Pronounced, Yet Sparsely Studied, Feature of Anxiety Pathology”, Behaviour Research and Therapy 57 (2014): 29–37.
111. Темные времена так же рушат наши самые светлые представления о мире. Когда-то люди были добрыми, теперь они жестоки. Мир был безопасен, теперь это не так. Одно из самых распространенных описаний ПТСР гласит, что это состояние, в котором у людей рушатся и перестраиваются устоявшиеся представления о мире. См. Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, “Assumptive Worlds and the Stress of Traumatic Events: Applications of the Schema Construct”, Social Cognition 7, no. 2 (1989): 113–36.
112. Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, Shattered Assumptions (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010).
113. Mario Bogdanov et al., “Acute Psychosocial Stress Increases Cognitive-Effort Avoidance”, Psychological Science 32, no. 9 (2021): 1463–75.
114. Ученые называют эту психологическую ловушку «порочной средой обучения», подробнее см. Robin M. Hogarth, Tomás Lejarraga, and Emre Soyer, “The Two Settings of Kind and Wicked Learning Environments”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 5 (2015): 379–85.
115. Стефани Бруно, личное общение, 4.03.2023.
116. Джанет Льюис, личное общение, 13.12.2022.
117. Michal Bauer et al., “Can War Foster Cooperation?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 3 (2016): 249–74.
118. Patricia A. Frazier, Amy Conlon, and Theresa Glaser, “Positive and Negative Life Changes Following Sexual Assault”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69, no. 6 (2001): 1048–55.
119. Daniel Lim and David DeSteno, “Suffering and Compassion: The Links Among Adverse Life Experiences, Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behavior”, Emotion 16, no. 2 (2016): 175–82.
120. Matthew L. Brooks et al., “Trauma Characteristics and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Avoidance Coping, Intrusive Thoughts, and Social Support”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 11, no. 2 (2019): 232–38.
121. Sarah E. Ullman and Liana C. Peter-Hagene, “Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure, Coping, Perceived Control, and PTSD Symptoms in Sexual Assault Victims”, Journal of Community Psychology 42, no. 4 (2014): 495–508.
122. Emile Bruneau, “Atticus and Parenting – Clarity” (электронный документ, предоставленный Стефани Бруно, March 4, 2023).
123. Ximena B. Arriaga et al., “Revising Working Models Across Time: Relationship Situations That Enhance Attachment Security”, Personality and Social Psychology Review 22, no. 1 (2017): 71–96.
124. Atina Manvelian, “Creating a Safe Haven and Secure Base: A Feasibility and Pilot Study of Emotionally Focused Mentoring to Enhance Attachment Security” (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2021).
125. Примеры повышения доверия посредством «эмоционально-ориентированной терапии» ищите тут: Stephanie A. Wiebe et al., “Predicting Follow-Up Outcomes in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy: The Role of Change in Trust, Relationship-Specific Attachment, and Emotional Engagement”, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 43, no. 2 (2016): 213–26.
126. Matthew Jarvinen, “Attachment and Cognitive Openness: Emotional Underpinnings of Intellectual Humility”, Journal of Positive Psychology 12, no. 1 (2016): 74–86.
127. Julia A. Minson and Frances S. Chen, “Receptiveness to Opposing Views: Conceptualization and Integrative Review”, Personality and Social Psychology Review 26, no. 2 (2021): 93–111.
128. Harry T. Reis et al., “Perceived Partner Responsiveness Promotes Intellectual Humility”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 79 (2018): 21–33.
129. Опыт Меган перекликается с исследованиями о том, как мотивация влияет на мышление. Когда вы знаете, что будете разговаривать о политике с тем, кто вас поддерживает, вы воспринимаете информацию о вашей политической позиции более благосклонно; если же вы планируете общаться с критиком, сами начинаете смотреть на информацию критично. «Общая реальность» Меган с людьми из QAnon отличается от той, что с Томасом. Подробнее см. Gerald Echterhoff, E. Tory Higgins, and John M. Levine, “Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with Others’ Inner States About the World”, Perspectives on Psychological Science 4, no. 5 (2009): 496–521.
130. Ziva Kunda, “The Case for Motivated Reasoning”, Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 3 (1990): 480–98.
131. Philip E. Tetlock and Jae Il Kim, “Accountability and Judgment Processes in a Personality Prediction Task”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, no. 4 (1987): 700–709.
132. Yulia Landa et al., “Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Delusions: Helping Patients Improve Reality Testing”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 36, no. 1 (2006): 9–17.
133. Андрес Лейббрандт, интервью с автором, 27.10.2022 и 30.08.2023.
134. Uri Gneezy, Andreas Leibbrandt, and John A. List, “Ode to the Sea: Work place Organizations and Norms of Cooperation”, Economic Journal 126, no. 595 (2015): 1856–83.
135. За эту выразительную метафору благодарим психолога Сану Асхан. Sanah Ahsan, “I’m a Psychologist- and I Believe We’ve Been Told Devastating Lies About Mental Health”, Guardian, September 6, 2022.
136. Это главная тема моей последней книги: Jamil Zaki, The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World (New York: Crown, 2019).
137. Dorit Carmelli, Gary E. Swan, and Ray H. Rosenman, “The Heritability of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale Revised”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 5, no. 1 (1990): 107–16.
138. Sarah S. Knox et al., “A Genome Scan for Hostility: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study”, Molecular Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (2003): 124–26.
139. Интерактивные графики неравенства можно посмотреть на сайте https://wid.world/country/usa/ (World Inequality Database, “USA,” accessed October 13, 2023). Факты по США: в 1980 году средний класс (40 % населения) владел 30,6 % богатства, а самые богатые люди (1 %) – 20,9 %. Соотношение 1,46:1. В 2020 году тот же средний класс (40 % населения) владел 27,8 % богатств, а самые богатые люди (1 %) – 34,9 %. Подробнее об этой тенденции и исторических предпосылках см. Thomas Piketty, A Brief History of Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022).
140. Данные об экономической мобильности см. Raj Chetty et al., “The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940”, Science 356 (2017): 398–406.
141. Данные о доступности жилья и образования см. Stella Sechopoulos, “Most in the U.S. say young adults today face more challenges than their parents’ generation in some key areas”, Pew Research Center, February 28, 2022.
142. Jolanda Jetten et al., “A Social Identity Analysis of Responses to Economic Inequality”, Current Opinion in Psychology 18 (2017): 1–5.
143. Lora E. Park et al., “Psychological Pathways Linking Income Inequality in Adolescence to Well-Being in Adulthood”, Self and Identity 20, no. 8 (2020): 982–1014.
144. Frank J. Elgar, “Income Inequality, Trust, and Population Health in 33 Countries”, American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 11 (2010): 2311–15.
145. Jolanda Jetten, Kim Peters, and Bruno Gabriel Salvador Casara, “Economic Inequality and Conspiracy Theories”, Current Opinion in Psychology 47 (2022): 101358.
146. Анализ данных по 19 богатым странам за 30-летний период показал, что с ростом уровня жизни населения уровень доверия постепенно падал. См. Guglielmo Barone and Sauro Mocetti, “Inequality and Trust: New Evidence from Panel Data”, Economic Inquiry 54, no. 2 (December 8, 2015): 794–809.
147. Richard J. Popplewell, “The Stasi and the East German Revolution of 1989”, Contemporary European History 1, no. 1 (1992): 37–63.
148. Andreas Lichter, Max Löffler, and Sebastian Siegloch, “The Long-Term Costs of Government Surveillance: Insights from Stasi Spying in East Germany”, Journal of the European Economic Association 19, no. 2 (2020): 741–89.
149. Sarah Repucci and Amy Slipowitz, Freedom in the World 2021: Democracy Under Siege (New York: Freedom House, 2021).
150. Jacob Grumbach, “Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding”, American Political Science Review 117, no. 3 (2023): 967–84.
151. Andrew Woodcock, “Trust in Politicians ‘in Freefall’ After Year of Chaos at Westminster”, Independent, November 3, 2022.
152. Хотя мы видели, что результаты циников в когнитивных тестах уступают результатам нециничных людей, в странах с высоким уровнем коррупции умные люди имеют к цинизму большую склонность. Когда элита злоупотребляет властью, цинизм распространяется – и в этом есть логика. См. Olga Stavrova and Daniel Ehlebracht, “The Cynical Genius Illusion: Exploring and Debunking Lay Beliefs About Cynicism and Competence”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2019): 254–69.
153. Matthew Desmond, Andrew V. Papachristos, and David S. Kirk, “Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community”, American Sociological Review 81, no. 5 (2016): 857–76.
154. Bill McCarthy, John Hagan, and Daniel Herda, “Neighborhood Climates of Legal Cynicism and Complaints About Abuse of Police Power”, Criminology 58, no. 3 (2020): 510–36.
155. Itai Bavli and David S. Jones, “Race Correction and the X-Ray Machine – The Controversy over Increased Radiation Doses for Black Americans in 1968”, New England Journal of Medicine 387, no. 10 (2022): 947–52.
156. Kelly M. Hoffman et al., “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (2016): 4296–301.
157. Крис Иглесиас из организации «Unity Council» Фрутвейла, интервью с автором, 27.01.2023.
158. Это лишь примерная оценка. Фактически, к маю 2021 года было вакцинировано 77 % горожан, включая Пьемонт и менее богатые районы. К августу того же года треть жителей района Фрутвейл оставалась невакцинированной. См. Brian Krans, “How Flaws in California’s Vaccine System Left Some Oaklanders Behind”, Oaklandside, May 18, 2021.
159. Deepa Fernandes, “Children of Immigrants at the Heart of Effort to Reach Oakland’s Unvaccinated Communities”, San Francisco Chronicle, August 11, 2021.
160. Erin E. Esaryk et al., “Variation in SARS-COV-2 Infection Risk and Socioeconomic Disadvantage Among a Mayan-Latinx Population in Oakland, California”, JAMA Network Open 4, no. 5 (2021): e2110789.
161. Исследования по этому вопросу проводятся по всему миру. Например, Heidi Colleran, “Market Integration Reduces Kin Density in Women’s Ego-Networks in Rural Poland”, Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–9.
162. Robert Thomson et al., “Relational Mobility Predicts Social Behaviors in 39 Countries and Is Tied to Historical Farming and Threat”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (2018): 7521–26.
163. Kristopher M Smith, Ibrahim A. Mabulla, and Coren L. Apicella, “Hadza Hunter-Gatherers with Greater Exposure to Other Cultures Share More with Generous Campmates”, Biology Letters 18, no. 7 (2022): 20220157.
164. Подробнее о социальных рынках и сотрудничестве см. Pat Barclay, “Biological Markets and the Effects of Partner Choice on Cooperation and Friendship”, Current Opinion in Psychology 7 (2016): 33–38.
165. Paul Lodder et al., “A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Money Priming”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 4 (2019): 688–712.
166. Ryan W. Carlson and Jamil Zaki, “Good Deeds Gone Bad: Lay Theories of Altruism and Selfishness”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 75 (2018): 36–40.
167. Как говорит философ Майкл Сэндэл: «Если бы можно было купить дружбу, деньги разрушили бы благо, которое я искал». Michael Sandel, “Market Reasoning as Moral Reasoning: Why Economists Should Re-Engage with Political Philosophy”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 4 (2013): 121–40.
168. Jaclyn Smock, “Smartwatches Can Be Toxic, Too”, Allure, October 14, 2022.
169. Kelly Glazer Baron et al., “Orthosomnia: Are Some Patients Taking the Quantified Self Too Far?”, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 13, no. 2 (2017): 351–54.
170. Цитата взята из интервью Лейн журналу First Person; см. Lulu Garcia-Navarro et al., “The Teenager Leading the Smartphone Liberation Movement,” opinion, New York Times, February 2, 2023.
171. Luca Braghieri, Róee Levy, and Alexey Makarin, “Social Media and Mental Health”, American Economic Review 112, no. 11 (2022): 3660–93.
172. Tara Parker-Pope, “The Power of Positive People”, New York Times, July 12, 2018.
173. Michael Rosenfeld, Reuben J. Thomas, and Sonia Hausen, “Disintermediating Your Friends: How Online Dating in the United States Displaces Other Ways of Meeting”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (2019): 17753–58.
174. См. интервью с Джонатаном Бадином о приложениях для знакомств в подкасте Verge: Sangeeta Singh-Kurtz, “How Tinder Changed Everything,” Verge, January 11, 2023.
175. Gabriel Bonilla-Zorita, Mark D. Griffiths, and Daria J. Kuss, “Online Dating and Problematic Use: A Systematic Review”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19, no. 6 (2020): 2245–78.
176. Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now (New York: Viking Press, 2018).
177. Ali Teymoori, Brock Bastian, and Jolanda Jetten, “Towards a Psychological Analysis of Anomie”, Political Psychology 38, no. 6 (2016): 1009–23.
178. Lea Hartwich and Julia Becker, “Exposure to Neoliberalism Increases Resentment of the Elite via Feelings of Anomie and Negative Psychological Reactions”, Journal of Social Issues 75, no. 1 (2019): 113–33.
179. Karim Bettache, Chi-yue Chiu, and Peter Beattie, “The Merciless Mind in a Dog-Eat-Dog Society: Neoliberalism and the Indifference to Social Inequality”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34 (2020): 217–22.
180. Источник рассказа о Билле и Эмиле – Стефани Бруно. В те времена, когда Эмиль учился в школе на полуострове, большей частью обслуживающего персонала были родители. Политика бартера изменилась в 1990-х годах, с тех пор все сотрудники получают зарплату. Источник: Андромеда Гарселон, одноклассница Эмиля в Peninsula School, теперь сама родитель и представитель школы, интервью, 18.01.2023.
181. Из документа под названием Monica Meyer, который Эмиль отправил Джанет Льюис, 16.07.2019.
182. Ученым доподлинно неизвестно, способствовало ли доверие родителей тому, что дети начали верить в других людей, но любой воспитатель может проверить эту гипотезу. См. Dan Wang and Anne C. Fletcher, “Parenting Style and Peer Trust in Relation to School Adjustment in Middle Childhood”, Journal of Child and Family Studies 25, no. 3 (2015): 988–98.
183. Это согласуется с предложением философа Кирана Сетия заниматься «ателистической» деятельностью, свободной от конечной цели или предназначения. См. Kieran Setiya, Midlife: A Philosophical Guide (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).
184. Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “Emotional and Instrumental Support Provision Interact t/o Predict Well-Being”, Emotion 15, no. 4 (2015): 484–93.
185. Hunt Allcott et al., “The Welfare Effects of Social Media”, American Economic Review 110, no. 3 (2020): 629–76.
186. Jeremy D. W. Clifton and Peter Meindl, “Parents Think – Incorrectly – That Teaching Their Children That the World Is a Bad Place Is Likely Best for Them”, Journal of Positive Psychology 17, no. 2 (2021): 182–97.
187. Dietlind Stolle and Laura Nishikawa, “Trusting Others – How Parents Shape the Generalized Trust of Their Children”, Comparative Sociology 10, no. 2 (2011): 281–314.
188. Jean M. Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Nathan T. Carter, “Declines in Trust in Others and Confidence in Institutions Among American Adults and Late Adolescents, 1972–2012”, Psychological Science 25, no. 10 (2014): 1914–23.
189. Для лучшего знакомства с практикой и ее преимуществами см. Fred B. Bryant and Joseph Veroff, Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience (New York: Psychology Press, 2017).
190. См. таблицу 7, Martin Paldam, “Social Capital and Social Policy” (working paper, New Frontiers of Social Policy: Development in a Globalizing World, 2005), 11.
191. Данные получены из интервью с главным исполнительным директором Unity Council, 1.05.2023.
192. Больше информации о кампании: Brian Krans, “‘We Are in a Race’: With Delta Variant Cases Spiking, Oakland Continues Vaccination Push”, Oaklandside, August 6, 2021.
193. Leonardo Castañeda, “‘In the Trenches’: Students Walk the Streets of Hard-Hit Fruitvale Seeking COVID Vaccine Holdouts”, Daily Democrat, July 3, 2021.
194. Katherine Clayton and Robb Willer, “Endorsements from Republican Politicians Can Increase Confidence in U.S. Elections”, Research & Politics 10, no. 1 (2023): 205316802211489.
195. Sophia Pink et al., “Elite Party Cues Increase Vaccination Intentions Among Republicans”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (2021): e2106559118.
196. Об «эксперименте» из первых уст см. Diana Zlomislic, “We Left 20 Wallets Around the GTA. Most Came Back”, Toronto Star, April 25, 2009.
197. John F. Helliwell and Shun Wang, “Trust and Well-Being” (working paper, Research Papers in Economics, April 1, 2010).
198. Более масштабное исследование – «потеряли» 17 тысяч кошельков в 40 странах – показало, что по показателям надежности в мире лидирует Канада. Но стоит отметить, что по всему миру большинство кошельков вернули. Интересный факт: кошельки с деньгами возвращали чаще, чем пустые. Это еще раз опровергает стереотип, что люди по природе своей эгоистичны. См. Alain Cohn et al., “Civic Honesty Around the Globe”, Science 365, no. 6448 (2019): 70–73.
199. Краткий научный обзор см. Leda Cosmides et al., “Detecting Cheaters”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 11 (2005): 505–6.
200. John F. Helliwell et al., eds., World Happiness Report 2023, 11th ed. (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2023).
201. Jamil Zaki, “The COVID Kindness We Ignored” (неопубликованное эссе).
202. Cameron Brick et al., “Self-Interest Is Overestimated: Two Successful Pre-Registered Replications and Extensions of Miller and Ratner (1998)”, Collabra Psychology 7, no. 1 (2021): 23443.
203. Dale T. Miller and Rebecca K. Ratner, “The Disparity Between the Actual and Assumed Power of Self-Interest”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 1 (1998): 53–62.
204. Nicholas Epley and David Dunning, “Feeling ‘Holier Than Thou’: Are Self-Serving Assessments Produced by Errors in Self- or Social Prediction?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 6 (2000): 861–75.
205. Nicholas Epley et al., “Undersociality: Miscalibrated Social Cognition Can Inhibit Social Connection”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26, no. 5 (2022): 406–18.
206. Dale T. Miller, “The Norm of Self-Interest”, American Psychologist 54, no. 12 (1999): 1053–60.
207. Detlef Fetchenhauer and David Dunning, “Do People Trust Too Much or Too Little?”, Journal of Economic Psychology 30, no. 3 (2009): 263–76.
208. Fred Bryant, “You 2.0: Slow Down!”, interview by Shankar Vedantam (Hidden Brain Media, n.d.).
209. John J. Skowronski and Donal E. Carlston, “Negativity and Extremity Biases in Impression Formation: A Review of Explanations”, Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 1 (1989): 131–42.
210. Adam Mastroianni and Daniel T. Gilbert, “The Illusion of Moral Decline”, Nature 618, no. 7966 (2023): 782–89.
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212. Robin Dunbar, Anna Marriott, and Neill Duncan, “Human Conversational Behavior”, Human Nature 8, no. 3 (1997): 231–46.
213. Matthew Feinberg, Robb Willer, and Michael Schultz, “Gossip and Ostracism Promote Cooperation in Groups”, Psychological Science 25, no. 3 (2014): 656–64.
214. Manfred Milinski, Dirk Semmann, and Hans-Jürgen Krambeck, “Reputation Helps Solve the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’”, Nature 415, no. 6870 (2002): 424–26.
215. Samantha Grayson et al., “Gossip Decreases Cheating but Increases (Inaccurate) Cynicism” (рукопись в стадии подготовки).
216. David Bornstein and Tina Rosenberg, “When Reportage Turns to Cynicism”, opinion, New York Times, November 14, 2016.
217. Claire Robertson et al., “Negativity Drives Online News Consumption”, Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 5 (2023): 812–22.
218. David Rozado, Ruth Hughes, and Jamin Halber stadt, “Longitudinal Analysis of Sentiment and Emotion in News Media Headlines Using Automated Labelling with Transformer Language Models”, PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (2022): e0276367.
219. Charlotte Olivia Brand, Alberto Acerbi, and Alex Mesoudi, “Cultural Evolution of Emotional Expression in 50 Years of Song Lyrics”, Evolutionary Human Sciences 1 (January 1, 2019): E1.
220. Если потребители формируют медиа, медиа формируют наше мировоззрение. В одном классическом эксперименте исследователи платили людям за то, чтобы они меняли свою новостную диету. Ученые выбирали определенную проблему, например рост налогов или выбросы углерода, и в течение недели каждый вечер включали двухминутный сюжет на эту тему в программу для зрителей. Вы, вероятно, думаете, что чувство того, что имеет значение, формируется на протяжении всей жизни. Но если вы похожи на людей, участвовавших в этом исследовании, знайте, это может занять всего 12 минут. Широкое освещение проблемы значительно повышает шанс, что в будущем зрители назовут ее самой важной проблемой в стране. См. Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, News That Matters: Television and American Opinion, updated ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
221. Данные взяты из статьи: Justin McCarthy, “Perceptions of Increased U.S. Crime at Highest Since 1993”, Gallup, November 20, 2021. Цифра 25/27 отражает исследования, где более 50 % респондентов ответили, что преступности стало «больше», чем год назад.
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223. Annie Lowrey, “Why San Francisco Prosecutor Chesa Boudin Faces Recall”, Atlantic, May 20, 2022.
224. Valerie J. Callanan, “Media Consumption, Perceptions of Crime Risk and Fear of Crime: Examining Race/Ethnic Differences”, Sociological Perspectives 55, no. 1 (2012): 93–115.
225. Цитата взята из подкаста How to. Транскрипт доступен здесь: Nicole Lewis and Amanda Ripley, “How to Unbreak the News”, Slate, August 30, 2022.
226. Sean Greene, “Antarctica Shed a Block of Ice the Size of Delaware, but Scientists Think the Real Disaster Could Be Decades Away”, Los Angeles Times, January 20, 2018.
227. “Democracy Diverted: Polling Place Closures and the Right to Vote”, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, September 10, 2019, https://civilrights.org/democracy-diverted/.
228. Nic Newman, “Overview and Key Findings of the 2022 Digital News Report”, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, June 15, 2022.
229. Solutions Journalism, “The Top 10 Takeaways from the Newest Solutions Journalism Research”, Medium – The Whole Story, January 6, 2022.
230. Цитаты взяты из интервью Шортерса в подкасте On Being; см. Trabian Shorters, “Trabian Shorters – A Cognitive Skill to Magnify Humanity”, interview by Krista Tippett (The On Being Project, 2022).
231. George Newman, Paul Bloom, and Joshua Knobe, “Value Judgments and the True Self”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 2 (2013): 203–16.
232. Julian De Freitas et al., “Origins of the Belief in Good True Selves”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 9 (2017): 634–36.
233. De Freitas et al., “Consistent Belief in a Good True Self in Misanthropes and Three Interdependent Cultures”, Cognitive Science 42, no. 51 (2013): 134–60.
234. Toni G. L. A. Van Der Meer and Michael Hameleers, “I Knew It, the World Is Falling Apart! Combatting a Confirmatory Negativity Bias in Audiences’ News Selection Through News Media Literacy Interventions”, Digital Journalism 10, no. 3 (2022): 473–92.
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236. Amy J. C. Cuddy, Mindi S. Rock, and Michael I. Norton, “Aid in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Inferences of Secondary Emotions and Inter group Helping”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 10, no. 1 (2007): 107–18.
237. David Bornstein and Tina Rosenberg, “11 Years of Lessons from Reporting on Solutions”, opinion, New York Times, November 11, 2021.
238. David Byrne, “Reasons to Be Cheerful”, David Byrne, 2018, https://davidbyrne.com/explore/reasons-to-be-cheerful/about.
239. Maurice Chammah, “To Help Young Women in Prison, Try Dignity”, opinion, New York Times, October 9, 2018.
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242. Jenna Spinelle, “For the Many or the Few?”, Solutions Journalism, August 1, 2022.
243. Исследования показывают, что в экономических играх позитивные сплетни так же полезны для поощрения хорошего поведения, как и негативные. См. Hirotaka Imada, Tim Hopthrow, and Dominic Abrams, “The Role of Positive and Negative Gossip in Promoting Prosocial Behavior”, Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 3 (2021): 285–91.
244. David Armstrong, “Money to Burn”, Boston Globe, Sunday, February 7, 1999.
245. Sarah Schweitzer, “City, Firefighters Settle”, Boston Globe, August 31, 2001.
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247. Douglas Belkin, “Uncertainty for Fire Dept. Reform”, Boston Globe, September 27, 2001.
248. Scott Greenberger, “Fire Head Suspends 18 Over Sick Pay”, Boston Globe, July 11, 2003.
249. Подробнее об этой истории с точки зрения поведенческой науки см. здесь: Samuel Bowles, The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives Are No Substitute for Good Citizens (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).
250. Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, “Do Liquidated Damages Encourage Breach? A Psychological Experiment”, Michigan Law Review 108 (2010): 633–72.
251. Jennifer Carson Marr et al., “Do I Want to Know? How the Motivation to Acquire Relationship-Threatening Information in Groups Contributes to Paranoid Thought, Suspicion Behavior, and Social Rejection”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 117, no. 2 (2012): 285– 97.
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255. Потрясающее изложение этой работы см.: Vanessa K. Bohns, You Have More Influence Than You Think: How We Underestimate Our Powers of Persuasion, and Why It Matters (Washington, DC: National Geographic Books, 2023).
256. Vanessa K. Bohns, M. Mahdi Roghanizad, and Amy Z. Xu, “Under estimating Our Influence over Others’ Unethical Behavior and Decisions”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 3 (2013): 348–62.
257. Francis J. Flynn and Vanessa K. B. Lake, “If You Need Help, Just Ask: Underestimating Compliance with Direct Requests for Help”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 1 (2008): 128–43.
258. Bohns, Roghanizad, and Xu, “Underestimating Our Influence over Others’ Unethical Behavior and Decisions”.
259. Noel D. Johnson and Alex andra Mislin, “Trust Games: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Economic Psychology 32, no. 5 (2011): 865–89. Цифры рассчитываются следующим образом: средние инвестиции = 50 %. Средний возврат = 37 %. Стандартное отклонение инвестиций = 0,12, что означает, что инвестиция в размере 62 % – это одно стандартное отклонение выше среднего. По словам Джонсона и Мислина, «увеличение доверия на одно стандартное отклонение приводит к увеличению надежности примерно на 40 %». Увеличение среднего уровня погашения на 40 % приведет к возврату примерно 52 %.
260. То же самое происходит, когда инвестор пытается заставить управляющего вернуть деньги, например добавляя к инвестициям непредвиденные расходы и штрафы. См. Armin Falk and Michael Kosfeld, “The Hidden Costs of Control”, American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (2006): 1611–30.
261. Ernesto Reuben, Paola Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales, “Is Mistrust Self-Fulfilling?”, Economics Letters 104, no. 2 (2009): 89–91.
262. Olga Stavrova, Daniel Ehlebracht, and Kathleen D. Vohs, “Victims, Perpetrators, or Both? The Vicious Cycle of Disrespect and Cynical Beliefs About Human Nature”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149, no. 9 (2020): 1736–54.
263. Говоря более заумным языком, превентивные удары являются одним из примеров испорченной обучающей среды, где доказательства, на которых люди учатся, заведомо предвзятые, – это приводит к постоянным неверным выводам, см. Robin M. Hogarth, Tomás Lejarraga, and Emre Soyer, “The Two Settings of Kind and Wicked Learning Environments”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 5 (2015).
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271. Nienke W. Willigenburg et al., “Comparison of Injuries in American Collegiate Football and Club Rugby”, American Journal of Sports Medicine 44, no. 3 (2016): 753–60.
272. Франк Буавер, интервью с автором, 17.02.2023.
273. Цитаты взяты из документа, который Эмиль отправил Джанет Льюис по электронной почте, Monica Mayer, July 16, 2019.
274. Теперь Буавер живет и тренирует на Фиджи, продолжая использовать нетрадиционные методы. Как он сказал недавно: «Тренер должен развивать интеллект игроков, а не заставлять их играть как роботов». См. Meli Laddpeter, “Being ‘Franck’: Players Need to Be Allowed to Play Freely – Boivert”, Fiji Times, May 11, 2022.
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288. Лучший метод лечения одиночества остается за ныне покойным Джоном Качиоппо, это современная классика: John T. Cacioppo and William H. Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).
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298. Положительный эффект от экстраверсии больше проявлялся у экстравертов, интроверты дополнительно сообщали об усталости. Но все равно обе группы подтвердили благоприятное влияние на настроение. Рекомендации по этой теме: William Fleeson, Adriane B. Malanos, and Noelle M. Achille, “An Intraindividual Process Approach to the Relationship Between Extraversion and Positive Affect: Is Acting Extraverted as ‘Good’ as Being Extraverted?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 6 (2002): 1409–22.
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302. Тревога загоняет людей-хикикомори все глубже внутрь себя, а одиночество мешает им приготовиться к новым проявлениям. Сайто Тамаки, ученый, который первым начал изучать людей с этим заболеванием, пишет, что больные попадают в порочный круг: «При обычных заболеваниях, если человек вдруг подхватывает недуг, организм реагирует естественным образом – использует различные терапевтические меры, включая иммунный ответ… Здесь же, при попытке изменить ситуацию, состояние только усугубляется». См. Saitō Tamaki, Hikikomori: Adolescence Without End, trans. Jeffrey Angles (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), 81.
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321. Инструкцию по «охоте за головами» можно найти тут: Gillian M. Sandstrom, “Scavenger Hunt Missions”, Gillian Sandstrom, April 2021, https://gilliansandstrom.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/scavenger-hunt-missions.pdf.
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324. Для лучшего понимания эффекта «назначения общения» см. Julia Hotz, “A Radical Plan to Treat Covid’s Mental Health Fallout”, WIRED UK, August 18, 2021.
325. P. A. Kropotkin, “Mutual Aid a Factor of Evolution”, Political Science Quarterly 18, no. 4 (1903): 702–5.
326. Биографию Кропоткина можно почитать здесь: James Hamlin, “Who Was… Peter Kropotkin?”, Biologist, accessed October 15, 2023, https://www.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/who-was-peter-kropothkin.
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331. Aimaloghi Eromosele, “There Is No Self-Care Without Community Care”, URGE – Unite for Reproductive & Gender Equity (blog), November 10, 2020;
332. Aisha Harris, “How ‘Self-Care’ Went from Radical to Frou-Frou to Radical Once Again”, Slate, April 5, 2017.
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337. Эта и несколько других деталей взяты из превосходного очерка Курта Эйхенвальда в журнале Vanity Fair о «потерянном десятилетии» Microsoft: Kurt Eichenwald, “How Microsoft Lost Its Mojo: Steve Ballmer and Corporate America’s Most Spectacular Decline”, Vanity Fair, July 24, 2012.
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339. Эта цитата и большее количество упоминаний о GE и Джеке Уэлче взяты из замечательной книги David Gelles: The Man Who Broke Capitalism: How Jack Welch Gutted the Heartland and Crushed the Soul of Corporate America – and How to Undo His Legacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2022).
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350. Danielle Abril and Drew Harwell, “Keystroke Tracking, Screenshots, and Facial Recognition: The Boss May Be Watching Long After the Pandemic Ends”, Washington Post, September 27, 2021.
351. Сокрытие знаний – типичное поведение для циничных организаций. Сьюзан Фаулер описывает похожую практику в сообщении в блоге 2017 года о работе в Uber: «Один из директоров хвастался перед нашей командой, что он утаил важную для бизнеса информацию от одного из руководителей, чтобы выслужиться перед кем-то из других руководителей (и, как он нам сказал с улыбкой на лице, это сработало!)». См. Susan Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber – Susan Fowler”, Susan Fowler Blog, May 22, 2017, https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber.
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354. Dan S. Chiaburu et al., “Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Organizational Cynicism: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Vocational Behavior 83, no. 2 (2013): 181–97.
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357. Ayelet Gneezy and Daniel M. T. Fessler, “Conflict, Sticks and Carrots: War Increases Prosocial Punishments and Rewards”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (2011): 219–23.
358. Некоторые ученые полагают, что конфликт между группами способствовал развитию сотрудничества внутри группы за счет давления группового отбора. См. Samuel Bowles, “Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors?”, Science 324, no. 5932 (2009): 1293–98.
359. Одним из объяснений такого экстремального сотрудничества является «слияние идентичностей», при котором люди чувствуют, что они и группа – одно целое. См. Harvey Whitehouse et al., “The Evolution of Extreme Cooperation via Shared Dysphoric Experiences”, Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 1–10.
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363. Критерии показателей стабильной опасности от Департамента образования штата Нью-Йорк см. “Criteria for Designating Persistently Dangerous School Using SV”, New York State Education Department, May 11, 2023, https://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/vadir/CriteriaforDesignatingPersistentlyDangerousSchoolusingSV.html.
364. Критерии VADIR можно найти на сайте Департамента образования штата Нью-Йорк: “SSEC – School Safety and Educational Climate”, New York State Education Department, June 16, 2023, https://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/vadir/.
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366. Juan Del Toro et al., “The Spillover Effects of Classmates’ Police Intrusion on Adolescents’ School-Based Defiant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Institutional Trust”, American Psychologist (2023): advance online publication.
367. Эта и другие цитаты Наделлы взяты из: Satya Nadella, Hit Refresh: The Quest to Rediscover Microsoft’s Soul and Imagine a Better Future for Everyone (New York: HarperCollins, 2017).
368. Shana Lebowitz, “Microsoft’s HR Chief Reveals How CEO Satya Nadella Is Pushing to Make Company Culture a Priority, the Mindset She Looks for in Job Candidates, and Why Individual Success Doesn’t Matter as Much as It Used To”, Business Insider, August 16, 2019.
369. Bart A. De Jong, Kurt T. Dirks, and Nicole Gillespie, “Trust and Team Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Main Effects, Moderators, and Covariates”, Journal of Applied Psychology 101, no. 8 (2016): 1134– 50.
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372. Kathryn Mayer, “How the HR Executive of the Year Rebooted Microsoft’s Culture”, HR Executive, October 6, 2021.
373. Лахуан Уайт, интервью с автором, 17.03.2022;
374. LaJuan White, “Episode 12 – LaJuan White,” interview by Tyler Cagwin, January 7, 2019.
375. Подробнее о том, как устроена иерархия в школе Линкольна и как она связана с восстановительным правосудием, см. Julie McMahon, “How a Syracuse Middle School Got Taken off State’s ‘Persistently Dangerous’ List”, Syracuse, August 16, 2016.
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377. Jamie Amemiya, Adam Fine, and Ming Te Wang, “Trust and Discipline: Adolescents’ Institutional and Teacher Trust Predict Classroom Behavioral Engagement Following Teacher Discipline”, Child Development 91, no. 2 (2019): 661–78.
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380. Jamil Zaki, Hitendra Wadhwa, and Ferose V. R., “It’s Time to Teach Empathy and Trust with the Same Rigor as We Teach Coding”, Fast Company, November 11, 2022, https://www.fastcompany.com/90808273/its-time-to-teach-empathy-and-trust-with-the-same-rigor-as-we-teach-coding.
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385. Mike Giglio, “Inside the Pro-Trump Militant Group the Oath Keepers”, Atlantic, November 2020.
386. Peter Baker and Blake Hounshell, “Parties’ Divergent Realities Challenge Biden’s Defense of Democracy”, New York Times, September 2, 2022.
387. Eli J. Finkel et al., “Political Sectarianism in America”, Science 370, no. 6516 (2020): 533–36.
388. Ethan Kaplan, Jörg L. Spenkuch, and Rebecca Sullivan, “Partisan Spatial Sorting in the United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview”, Journal of Public Economics 211 (2022): 104668.
389. Сортировка происходит на уровне кварталов, причем значительная часть избирателей «практически не общается с избирателями другой партии, хотя живут по соседству». См. Jacob R. Brown and Ryan D. Enos, “The Measurement of Partisan Sorting for 180 Million Voters”, Nature Human Behaviour 5, no. 8 (2021): 998–1008.
390. Douglas J. Ahler and Gaurav Sood, “The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions About Party Composition and Their Consequences”, Journal of Politics 80, no. 3 (2018): 964–81.
391. Kathryn R. Denning and Sara D. Hodges, “When Polarization Triggers Out-Group ‘Counter-Projection’ Across the Political Divide”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 48, no. 4 (2021): 638–56.
392. Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, “(Mis)Perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public”, Public Opinion Quarterly 80, no. S1 (2015): 378–91.
393. Stephen Hawkins et al., Defusing the History Wars: Finding Common Ground in Teaching America’s National Story (New York: More in Common, 2022).
394. Изображение из “America’s Divided Mind: Understanding the Psychology That Drives Us Apart”, Beyond Conflict – Putting Experience and Science to Work for Peace, May 2020, https://beyondconflictint.org/americas-divided-mind/.
395. Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins, “The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes Toward Immigrants”, American Journal of Political Science 59, no. 3 (2014): 529–48.
396. University of Maryland School of Public Policy, “Major Report Shows Nearly 150 Issues on Which Majorities of Republicans & Democrats Agree”, Program for Public Consultation, August 7, 2020, https://publicconsultation.org/defense-budget/major-report-shows-nearly-150-issues-on-which-majorities-of-republicans-democrats-agree/.
397. Steve Corbin, “Americans Largely Agree on Several Key Issues and Congress Should Pay Attention”, NC Newsline, August 19, 2022.
398. Joseph S Mernyk et al., “Correcting Inaccurate Metaperceptions Reduces Americans’ Support for Partisan Violence”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 16 (2022): e2116851119.
399. Sukhwinder S. Shergill et al., “Two Eyes for an Eye: The Neuroscience of Force Escalation”, Science 301, no. 5630 (2003): 187.
400. Упоминается в новостном подкасте The Gist 25 июля 2022 года; см. Malcolm Nance, “Civil War: Possible or Probable?”, interview by Mike Pesca.
401. Amanda Ripley, High Conflict: Why We Get Trapped and How We Get Out (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2022).
402. Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
403. Claes H. De Vreese, “The Spiral of Cynicism Reconsidered”, European Journal of Communication 20, no. 3 (2005): 283–301.
404. William J. Brady et al., “How Social Learning Amplifies Moral Outrage Expression in Online Social Networks”, Science Advances 7, no. 33 (2021): eabe5641.
405. William J. Brady et al., “Overperception of Moral Outrage in Online Social Networks Inflates Beliefs About Intergroup Hostility”, Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 6 (2023): 917–27.
406. William J. Brady et al., “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (2017): 7313–18.
407. Luiza A. Santos et al., “Belief in the Utility of Cross-Partisan Empathy Reduces Partisan Animosity and Facilitates Political Persuasion”, Psychological Science 33, no. 9 (2022): 1557–73.
408. “Harvard Youth Poll”, Institute of Politics at Harvard University, fall 2021, https://iop.harvard.edu/youth-poll/42nd-edition-fall-2021.
409. Béatrice S. Hasler et al., “Young Generations’ Hopelessness Perpetuates Long-Term Conflicts”, Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 1–13.
410. Андрес Касас, интервью с автором, 13.01.2023 и 21.09.2023.
411. Nicholas Casey, “Colombia Signs Peace Agreement with FARC After 5 Decades of War”, New York Times, September 26, 2016.
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414. Ivan Erre Jota, “The Medellin Miracle”, Rapid Transition Alliance, December 19, 2018.
415. Joe Parkin Daniels, “Colombia’s Ex-Guerrillas: Isolated, Abandoned and Living in Fear”, Guardian, February 3, 2021.
416. Цитата из документального фильма «Почему мы ненавидим» (Why We Hate) на Discovery Channel. Серия, посвященная Эмилю, называется «Надежда» (Hope). См. Emile Bruneau, “Hope” (Discovery Channel, March 11, 2019).
417. Саманта Мур-Берг, интервью с автором, 31.01.2023.
418. Emile Bruneau et al., “Exposure to a Media Intervention Helps Promote Support for Peace in Colombia”, Nature Human Behaviour 6, no. 6 (2022): 847–57.
419. Norwegian Refugee Council, “Colombia: Conflict Persists Five Years After Peace Deal”, NRC, November 24, 2022.
420. Цитата из PirataFilms, «Все, что для этого нужно» (All It Takes), short film; English version, Vimeo, August 19, 2022, https://vimeo.com/741321924.
421. Зная Стефани, я почти уверен, что Андрес ошибается.
422. Например, проект «Укрепление демократии» (the Strengthening Democracy Challenge) (в котором мне посчастливилось сыграть небольшую роль) представлял собой мегасотрудничество, в ходе которого социологи объединили 25 инициатив, направленных на снижение межпартийной враждебности. Самые эффективные меры были сведены к тому, что нужно исправлять ошибочные представления людей о политических соперниках; другими словами, им предоставляли более качественные данные. См. Jan G. Voelkel et al., “Megastudy Identifying Effective Interventions to Strengthen Americans’ Democratic Attitudes”, OSF Preprints, March 20, 2023.
423. Jeremy A. Frimer, Linda J. Skitka, and Matt Motyl, “Liberals and Conservatives Are Similarly Motivated to Avoid Exposure to One Another’s Opinions”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 72 (2017): 1–12.
424. Luiza Santos et al., “The Unexpected Benefits of Cross-Party Conversations on Polarized Issues” (рукопись в процессе доработки).
425. Emile Bruneau et al., “Intergroup Contact Reduces Dehumanization and Meta-Dehumanization: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Quasi-Experimental Evidence from 16 Samples in Five Countries”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 47, no. 6 (2020): 906–20.
426. Emily Kubin et al., “Personal Experiences Bridge Moral and Political Divides Better Than Facts”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (2021): e2008389118.
427. Julia A. Minson and Frances S. Chen, “Receptiveness to Opposing Views: Conceptualization and Integrative Review”, Personality and Social Psychology Review 26, no. 2 (2021): 93–111.
428. Marshall B. Rosenberg, Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life (Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press, 2003).
429. Michael Yeomans et al., “Conversational Receptiveness: Improving Engagement with Opposing Views”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 160 (2020): 131–48.
430. Brett Q. Ford and Allison S. Troy, “Reappraisal Reconsidered: A Closer Look at the Costs of an Acclaimed Emotion-Regulation Strategy”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 2 (2019): 195–203.
431. David E. Broockman and Joshua Kalla, “Durably Reducing Transphobia: A Field Experiment on Door-to-Door Canvassing”, Science 352, no. 6282 (2016): 220– 24.
432. Joshua Kalla and David E. Broockman, “Reducing Exclusionary Attitudes Through Interpersonal Conversation: Evidence from Three Field Experiments”, American Political Science Review 114, no. 2 (2020): 410–25.
433. World Inequality Database, “USA”, accessed October 13, 2023, https://wid.world/country/usa/.
434. David Huyssen, “We Won’t Get Out of the Second Gilded Age the Way We Got Out of the First”, Vox, April 1, 2019.
435. Robert D. Putnam, The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020), 159, 167.
436. Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital”, Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 65–78.
437. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000), 77.
438. Woodrow Wilson, “The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People”, Political Science Quarterly 29, no. 3 (1914): 506–7.
439. Josh Levin, “The Real Story of Linda Taylor, America’s Original Welfare Queen”, Slate, December 19, 2013.
440. Джош Левин создал полную, убедительную и трагичную биографию Тейлор в: Josh Levin, The Queen: The Forgotten Life Behind an American Myth (New York: Back Bay Books, 2020).
441. Julilly Kohler-Hausmann, “‘The Crime of Survival’: Fraud Prosecutions, Community Surveillance, and the Original ‘Welfare Queen’”, Journal of Social History 41, no. 2 (2007): 329–54.
442. Independent Lens, “From Mothers’ Pensions to Welfare Queens, Debunking Myths About Welfare”, PBS, May 16, 2023, https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare/.
443. Daniel R. Cline and Randy Alison Aussenberg, “Errors and Fraud in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)”, Federation of American Scientists (Congressional Research Service, September 28, 2018), https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45147.pdf.
444. Zachary Parolin, “Decomposing the Decline of Cash Assistance in the United States, 1993 to 2016”, Demography 58, no. 3 (2021): 1119–41.
445. David Brady and Zachary Parolin, “The Levels and Trends in Deep and Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1993–2016”, Demography 57, no. 6 (2020): 2337–60.
446. Luke H. Shaefer and Kathryn Edin, “Rising Extreme Poverty in the United States and the Response of Federal Means-Tested Transfer Programs”, Social Service Review 87, no. 2 (2013): 250–68.
447. Jesper Akesson et al., “Race and Redistribution in the US: An Experimental Analysis”, CEPR, January 31, 2023, https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/race-and-redistribution-us-experimental-analysis.
448. Rebecca Shabad et al., “Manchin Privately Raised Concerns That Parents Would Use Child Tax Credit Checks on Drugs”, NBC News, December 20, 2021.
449. David Firestone, “How to Use the Debt Ceiling to Inflict Cruelty on the Poor”, New York Times, May 17, 2023.
450. Samuel Bowles, The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives Are No Substitute for Good Citizens (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).
451. Уильям Гудвин, интервью с автором, 21.03.2022, and 3.05.2023.
452. “Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Cover age in the United States: 2022,” United States Census Bureau, September 12, 2023, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/income-poverty-health-insurance-coverage.html, https://confrontingpoverty.org/poverty-facts-and-myths/americas-poor-are-worse-off-than-elsewhere/.
453. Harry J. Holzer et al., “The Economic Costs of Child hood Poverty in the United States”, Journal of Children and Poverty 14, no. 1 (2008): 41–61.
454. John Burn-Murdoch, “Why Are Americans Dying So Young?”, Financial Times, March 31, 2023.
455. Gianmarco Daniele and Benny Geys, “Interpersonal Trust and Welfare State Support”, European Journal of Political Economy 39 (2015): 1–12. Эти ученные также говорят о причинно-следственной связи между доверием и социальной поддержкой. В частности, поддержка социального обеспечения для детей иммигрантов говорит о доверии к стране, откуда приехали их родители.
456. OHCHR, “Ban ‘Povertyism’ in the Same Way as Racism and Sexism: UN Expert”, October 28, 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/10/ban-povertyism-same-way-racism-and-sexism-un-expert.
457. Annie Lowrey, “$100 Million to Cut the Time Tax”, Atlantic, April 26, 2022.
458. Anandi Mani et al., “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function”, Science 341, no. 6149 (2013): 976–80.
459. Matthew Desmond, Poverty, by America (New York: Crown, 2023), 87–88, 91.
460. Aina Gallego, “Inequality and the Erosion of Trust Among the Poor: Experimental Evidence”, Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 3 (2016): 443–60.
461. Henry Farrell, “The Invisible American Welfare State”, Good Authority, February 8, 2011, https://goodauthority.org/news/the-invisible-american-welfare-state/.
462. Emily Holden et al., “More Than 25 Million Americans Drink from the Worst Water Systems”, Consumer Reports, February 26, 2021.
463. Andrew P. Wilper et al., “Health Insurance and Mortality in US Adults”, American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 12 (2009): 2289–95.
464. Diana E. Naranjo, Joseph E. Glass, and Emily C. Williams, “Persons with Debt Burden Are More Likely to Report Suicide Attempt Than Those Without”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 82, no. 3 (2021): 31989.
465. Ralph Dazert, “Market Insight: US Continues to Dominate Superyacht Market”, SuperYacht Times, December 1, 2022.
466. Хесус Герена, интервью с автором, 18.02.2022.
467. Stand Together, “How Shifting Perceptions of Low-Income Families Helps Them Get Out of Poverty”, https://standtogether.org/news/shifting-perceptions-of-low-income-families-is-key-to-getting-them-out-of-poverty/.
468. David K. Evans and Anna M. Popova, “Cash Transfers and Temptation Goods: A Review of Global Evidence” (working paper, World Bank Policy Research, 2014).
469. Данные получены из отчета, доступного здесь: “Our Impact”, Foundations for Social Change, 2021, https://forsocialchange.org/impact.
470. Ryan Dwyer et al., “Unconditional Cash Transfers Reduce Homelessness”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 36 (2023): e2222103120.
471. Katia Covarrubias, Benjamin Davis, and Paul Winters, “From Protection to Production: Productive Impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme”, Journal of Development Effectiveness 4, no. 1 (2012): 50–77.
472. Paul Gertler, Sebastián Martínez, and Marta Rubio-Codina, “Investing Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 1 (2012): 164–92.
473. Johannes Haushofer and Jeremy P. Shapiro, “The Short-Term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental Evidence from Kenya”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 4 (2016): 1973–2042.
474. Solomon Asfaw et al., “The Impact of the Kenya CT-OVC Programme on Productive Activities and Labour Allocation”, From Protection to Production Project (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013).
475. Mouhcine Guettabi, “What Do We Know About the Effects of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend?”, ScholarWorks@UA (University of Alaska Anchorage, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 2019).
476. Olli Kangas et al., “The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results”, Valto (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2019).
477. David G. Weissman et al., “State-Level Macro-Economic Factors Moderate the Association of Low Income with Brain Structure and Mental Health in U.S. Children”, Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 2085.
478. Sonya V. Troller-Renfree et al., “The Impact of a Poverty Reduction Intervention on Infant Brain Activity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 5 (2022): e2115649119.
479. “Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates: 1913 to 2023”, Tax Policy Center, May 11, 2023, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates.
480. Martin Luther King Jr., “King’s Challenge to the Nation’s Social Scientists,” APA, 1967, https://www.apa.org/topics/equity-diversity-inclusion/martin-luther-king-jr-challenge.
481. Václav Havel, The Power of the Powerless (New York: Random House, 2018).
482. Maria Theresia Bäck and Henrik Serup Christensen, “When Trust Matters – a Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Generalized Trust on Political Participation in 25 European Democracies”, Journal of Civil Society 12, no. 2 (2016): 178–97.
483. Michelle Benson and Thomas R. Rochon, “Interpersonal Trust and the Magnitude of Protest”, Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 4 (2004): 435–57.
484. Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews, The Russian “Firehose of Falsehood” Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016).
485. Paul Shields, “Killing Politics Softly: Unconvincing Propaganda and Political Cynicism in Russia”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies 54, no. 4 (2021): 54–73.
486. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1973).
487. Václav Havel, Letters to Olga: June 1979 – September 1982 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988).
488. Стефани услышала эту проповедь от Рейчел Андерсон, тогдашней служительницы церкви, 19 лет спустя.
489. Maximilian Agostini and Martijn Van Zomeren, “Toward a Comprehensive and Potentially Cross-Cultural Model of Why People Engage in Collective Action: A Quantitative Research Synthesis of Four Motivations and Structural Constraints”, Psychological Bulletin 147, no. 7 (2021): 667–700.
490. Kenneth T. Andrews and Michael Biggs, “The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organizations, Social Networks, and News Media in the 1960 Sit-Ins”, American Sociological Review 71, no. 5 (2006): 752–77.
491. Michael Biggs, “Who Joined the Sit-Ins and Why: Southern Black Students in the Early 1960s”, Mobilization 11, no. 3 (2006): 321–36.
492. Michael Biggs and Kenneth T. Andrews, “Protest Campaigns and Movement Success”, American Sociological Review 80, no. 2 (2015): 416–43.
493. Leonardo Bursztyn, Alessandra L. González, and David Yanagizawa-Drott, Misperceived Social Norms: Female Labor Force Participation in Saudi Arabia (Chicago: Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, 2018).
494. Ed Pilkington and Jamie Corey, “Dark Money Groups Push Election Denialism on US State Officials”, Guardian, April 5, 2023.
495. Sam Levine and Kira Lerner, “Ten Years of a Crippled Voting Rights Act: How States Make It Harder to Vote”, Guardian, June 25, 2023.
496. “Democracy Diverted: Polling Place Closures and the Right to Vote,” Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, September 10, 2019, https://civilrights.org/democracy-diverted/.
497. По некоторым данным, цифра достигает 90 %; здесь я привожу самые консервативные статистические данные; см. Bryan Warner, “Polls Show Voters Nationwide and in NC Agree: Gerrymandering Must End,” Common Cause North Carolina, April 7, 2021, https://www.commoncause.org/north-carolina/democracy-wire/polls-show-voters-nationwide-and-in-nc-agree-gerrymandering-must-end/.
498. “Americans Are United Against Partisan Gerrymandering,” Brennan Center for Justice, March 15, 2019, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/americans-are-united-against-partisan-gerrymandering.
499. John Kruzel, “American Voters Largely United Against Partisan Gerrymandering, Polling Shows”, The Hill, August 4, 2021.
500. Tina Rosenberg, “Putting the Voters in Charge of Fair Voting”, New York Times, January 23, 2018.
501. Кэти Фейхи, интервью с автором, 21.09.2023.
502. Katie Fahey Schergala, “I’d like to Take on Gerrymandering in Michigan, If You’re Interested in Doing This as Well, Please Let Me Know:)”, Facebook, November 10, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/katie.rogala.3/posts/10153917724442633.
503. Slay the Dragon, directed by Chris Durrance and Barak Good man (Participant, 2019).
504. Nathaniel Rakich, “Did Redistricting Commissions Live Up to Their Promise?”, FiveThirtyEight, January 24, 2022.
505. Лоретта Росс, интервью с автором, 31.10.2022 и 23.11.2022.
506. Loretta J. Ross, “Calling in the Calling Out Culture: Conversations Instead of Conflicts”, Critical Conversations Speaker Series (Santa Monica, CA: New Roads School, 2021).
507. Loretta J. Ross, “I’m a Black Feminist. I Think Call-Out Culture Is Toxic”, New York Times, August 17, 2019.
508. Eric Roston, “Climate Projections Again Point to Dangerous 2.7C Rise by 2100”, Bloomberg News, November 10, 2022.
509. Nathan Rott, “Extreme Weather, Fueled by Climate Change, Cost the U.S. $165 Billion in 2022”, NPR, January 10, 2023.
510. Denise Lu and Christopher Flavelle, “Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows”, New York Times, November 28, 2019.
511. Adam Mayer and E. Keith Smith, “Unstoppable Climate Change? The Influence of Fatalistic Beliefs About Climate Change on Behavioural Change and Willingness to Pay Cross-Nationally”, Climate Policy 19, no. 4 (2018): 511–23.
512. “Climate Fatalism Grips Young People Worldwide While the Urgency for Solution-Oriented Media Grows”, Ipsos, November 10, 2021.
513. Gregg Sparkman, Nathan Geiger, and Elke U. Weber, “Americans Experience a False Social Reality by Underestimating Popular Climate Policy Support by Nearly Half”, Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022): 4779.
514. Биографические подробности почерпнуты в основном из устной истории Общества Гаррета Хардина в Калифорнийском университете. См. также Garrett Hardin, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 1 – ‘The Early Years’”, interview by David E. Russell, Garrett Hardin Society, May 22, 2005, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_oral_history_tape1.html.
515. John H. Tanton, “Garrett and Jane Hardin: A Personal Recollection”, Garrett Hardin Society, October 29, 2003, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_tanton_2003oct.html.
516. Garrett Hardin, “Living in a World of Limits: An Interview with Noted Biologist Garrett Hardin”, interview by Craig Straub, Garrett Hardin Society, June 9, 2003, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_straub_interview.html.
517. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons: The Population Problem Has No Technical Solution; It Requires a Fundamental Extension in Morality”, Science 162, no. 3859 (1968): 1243–48.
518. Хардин описывает эти законы как схожие с термодинамикой: см, Garrett Hardin, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 7”, interview by David E. Russell, Garrett Hardin Society, June 9, 2003, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_oral_history_tape7.html.
519. Garrett Hardin, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 5 – From the Lab to the Field of Ecology”, interview by David E. Russell, Garrett Hardin Society, June 9, 2003, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_oral_history_tape5.html.
520. Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor”, Psychology Today (1974).
521. Matto Mildenberger, “The Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons”, Scientific American Blog Network, April 23, 2019.
522. Jason Oakes, “Garrett Hardin’s Tragic Sense of Life”, Endeavour 40, no. 4 (2016): 238–47.
523. Erik Nordman, The Uncommon Knowledge of Elinor Ostrom: Essential Lessons for Collective Action (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2021).
524. Garrett Hardin, “Garrett Hardin Oral History Project: Tape 10”, interview by David E. Russell, Garrett Hardin Society, June 9, 2003, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_oral_history_tape10.html.
525. Исследования показывают, что люди охотнее действуют, если их беспокоят вопросы климата, когда есть надежда, что ситуацию можно исправить. См. Shanyong Wang et al., “Predicting Consumers’ Intention to Adopt Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Using an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior Model”, Transportation 43, no. 1 (2014): 123–43.
526. Kimberly S. Wolske, Paul C. Stern, and Thomas Dietz, “Explaining Interest in Adopting Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems in the United States: Toward an Integration of Behavioral Theories”, Energy Research & Social Science 25 (2017): 134–51.
527. Roderick M. Kramer, “Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions”, Annual Review of Psychology 50, no. 1 (1999): 569–98.
528. Douglas Starr, “Just 90 Companies Are to Blame for Most Climate Change, This ‘Carbon Accountant’ Says”, Science 25 (2016).
529. Tim Gore, “Confronting Carbon Inequality: Putting Climate Justice at the Heart of the COVID-19 Recovery”, Oxfam International, September 21, 2020.
530. Benjamin Franta, “Weaponizing Economics: Big Oil, Economic Consultants, and Climate Policy Delay”, Environmental Politics 31, no. 4 (2021): 555–75.
531. Mark Kaufman, “The Carbon Footprint Sham: A ‘Successful, Deceptive’ PR Campaign”, Mashable, July 13, 2020.
532. Alvin Powell, “Tracing Big Oil’s PR War to Delay Action on Climate Change”, Harvard Gazette, September 28, 2021.
533. Aylin Woodward, “As Denying Climate Change Becomes Impossible, Fossil-Fuel Interests Pivot to ‘Carbon Shaming’”, Business Insider, August 28, 2021.
534. Rebecca Solnit, “Big Oil Coined ‘Carbon Foot prints’ to Blame Us for Their Greed. Keep Them on the Hook”, Guardian, August 23, 2021.
535. Ученые-бихевиористы Ник Чатер и Джордж Левенштейн считают, что слишком много внимания уделяется поведению отдельных людей («i-frame»), а не системе в целом («s-frame»); см. Nick Chater and George Loewenstein, “The I-Frame and the S-Frame: How Focusing on Individual-Level Solutions Has Led Behavioral Public Policy Astray”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46 (2022): e147.
536. Derek Wall, Elinor Ostrom’s Rules for Radicals: Cooperative Alternatives Beyond Markets and States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 21–22.
537. Цитаты Элинор Остром на конференции «Новые рубежи глобальной справедливости» (the New Frontiers in Global Justice Conference) в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Диего; см. “Elinor Ostrom on the Myth of Tragedy of the Commons”, August 9, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybdvjvIH-1U.
538. Elinor Ostrom, “Public Entrepreneurship: A Case Study in Ground Water Basin Management” (PhD diss., University of California Los Angeles, 1964).
539. Elinor Ostrom and Harini Nagendra, “Insights on Linking Forests, Trees, and People from the Air, on the Ground, and in the Laboratory”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 51 (2006): 19224–31.
540. Paul B. Trawick, “Successfully Governing the Commons: Principles of Social Organization in an Andean Irrigation System”, Human Ecology 29, no. 1 (2001): 1–25.
541. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 62.
542. Elinor Ostrom, “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (2000): 137–58.
543. Actual World, Possible Future, directed by Barbara Allen (WTIU Documentaries, May 25, 2020), https://video.indianapublicmedia.org/video/actual-world-possible-future-09rkab/.
544. Marshall Sahlins, The Western Illusion of Human Nature: With Reflections on the Long History of Hierarchy, Equality and the Sublimation of Anarchy in the West, and Comparative Notes on Other Conceptions of the Human Condition (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2008).
545. David Gelles et al., “The Clean Energy Future Is Arriving Faster Than You Think”, New York Times, August 17, 2023.
546. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2022: Analysis and Forecast to 2027”, IEA, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022.
547. James Dacey, “Sprinkling Basalt over Soil Could Remove Huge Amounts of Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere”, Physics World, August 1, 2021.
548. Вот несколько примеров подобных споров и критики: Nick Gottlieb, “The False Hope of Carbon Capture and Storage”, Canadian Dimension, May 30, 2022.
549. Robert F. Service, “U.S. Unveils Plans for Large Facilities to Capture Carbon Directly from Air”, Science Insider, August 11, 2023.
550. Genevieve Guenther, “Carbon Removal Isn’t the Solution to Climate Change”, New Republic, April 4, 2022.
551. Ella Nilsen, “The Willow Project Has Been Approved: Here’s What to Know About the Controversial Oil-Drilling Venture,” CNN, March 14, 2023.
552. Elise Joshi, “Please Watch Even If You’ve Seen the Original Video!”, TikTok, September 7, 2023, https://www.tiktok.com/@elisejoshi/video/7276138179386985774?lang=en.
553. Cara Buckley, “‘OK Doomer’ and the Climate Advocates Who Say It’s Not Too Late”, New York Times, June 22, 2023.
554. “Wawa Gatheru (@wawagatheru)”, TikTok, n.d., https://www.tiktok.com/@wawagatheru/.
555. David Gelles, “With TikTok and Lawsuits, Gen Z Takes on Climate Change”, New York Times, August 21, 2023.
556. “COP27 Climate Summit: Here’s What Happened on Tuesday at the COP27 Climate Summit”, New York Times, November 9, 2022.
557. David Gelles and Mike Baker, “Judge Rules in Favor of Montana Youths in a Landmark Climate Case”, New York Times, August 16, 2023.
558. Timothy Puko, “Biden to Block Oil Drilling in ‘Irreplaceable’ Alaskan Wildlands”, Washington Post, September 7, 2023.
559. Annenberg School for Communication, “Emile: The Mission of Emile Bruneau of the Peace and Conflict Neuroscience Lab”, YouTube, October 9, 2020.